Macrocyclic amide and urea immunomodulators

ABSTRACT

Immunomodulatory macrocyclic compounds having the formula:  &lt;IMAGE&gt; and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, esters, amides and prodrugs thereof, as well as pharmaceutical compositions containing the same, which possess immunosuppressive, antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antiinflammatory and antiproliferative activity, as well as the ability to reverse chemotherapeutic drug resistance.

This application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/213,394, filed Mar. 14, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,172 which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/149,419, filed Nov. 9, 1993, abandoned which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/032,958, filed Mar. 17, 1993, abandoned which is a continuation-in-pan of co-pending International Patent Application No. PCT/US92/07600, filed Sep. 8, 1992, which is a continuation-in-pan of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/755,208, filed Sep. 5, 1991 and now abandoned.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to novel chemical compounds having immunomodulatory activity, and in particular to macrolide immunosuppressants. More particularly, the invention relates to semisynthetic analogs of ascomycin and FK-506, to means for their preparation, to pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds and to methods of treatment employing the same.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The compound cyclosporine (cyclosporin A) has found wide use since its introduction in the fields of organ transplantation and immunomodulation, and has brought about a significant increase in the success rate for transplantation procedures. Undesired side-effects associated with cyclosporine, however, such as nephrotoxicity, have led to a continued search for immunosuppressant compounds having improved efficacy and safety.

Recently, several classes of macrocyclic compounds having potent immunomodulatory activity have been discovered. Okuhara et al., in European Patent Application No. 184162, published Jun. 11, 1986, disclose a number of macrocyclic compounds isolated from the genus Streptomyces. Immunosuppressant FK-506, isolated from a strain of S. tsukubaensis, is a 23-membered macrocyclic lactone represented by formula 1a, below. Other related natural products, such as FR-900520 (1b) and FR-900523 (1c), which differ from FK-506 in their alkyl substituent at C-21, have been isolated from S. hygroscopicus yakushimnaensis. Yet another analog, FR-900525, produced by S. tsukubaensis, differs from FK-506 in the replacement of a pipecolic acid moiety with a proline group.

FR-900520, also known as ascomycin, has been previously disclosed by Arai et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 3,244,592, issued Apr. 5, 1966, where the compound is described as an antifungal agent. Monaghan, R. L., et al., on the other hand, describe the use of ascomycin as an immunosuppressant in European Patent Application No. 323865, published Jul. 12, 1989.

Although the immunosuppressive activity of FK-506 has been clinically confirmed, its toxicity in mammals has limited its utility. The activity of FK-506 has, however, prompted efforts to discover novel analogs-of FK-type compounds which possess superior properties. These efforts include the isolation of new fermentation products, the microbial transformation of existing chemical entities, the chemical modification of these macrocycles, and the synthesis of hybrid species derived from smaller synthetic fragments. ##STR2##

Fermentation products of FK-type compounds include C-21-epi derivatives of FK-506; a 31-demethylated derivative of FK-506; 31-oxo-FK-506; and compounds derived from FK-506, FR-900523 and FR-900525 which are characterized by the introduction of hydroxy-protecting groups, formation of a double bond by elimination of water between carbons 23 and 24, oxidation of the hydroxy group at carbon 24 to the ketone, and reduction of the allyl side-chain at carbon 21 via hydrogenation. Other published derivatives include those derived from FK-506 and FR-900520 where the lactone ring is contracted to give a macrocyclic ring containing two fewer carbons.

Several microbial transformations of FK-type compounds at carbon 13 have been published, such as the microbial demethylation of FR-900520 to form the bis-demethylated 13,31 -dihydroxy ring-rearranged derivative of FR-900520; the microbial monodemethylation of FK-506 and FR-900520, respectively; and the microbial demethylation of FR-900520 at C-31, as well as a number of other macrocyclic microbial transformation products.

Numerous chemical modifications of the FK-type compounds have been attempted. These include the preparation of small synthetic fragments of FK-type derivatives; a thermal rearrangement of a variety of derivatives of FK-506 which expands the macrocyclic ring by two carbons; and modifications which include methyl ether and aryl ether formation at C-32 and/or C-24, oxidation of C-32 alcohol to the ketone, and epoxide formation at C-9.

Although some of these modified compounds exhibit immunosuppressive activity, the need remains for macrocyclic immunosuppressants which do not have the serious side effects frequently associated with immunosuppressant therapy. Accordingly, one object of the invention is to provide novel semisynthetic macrolides which possess the desired immunomodulatory activity but which minimize undesired side effects.

Another object of the present invention is to provide synthetic processes for the preparation of such compounds from starting materials obtained by fermentation, as well as chemical intermediates useful in such synthetic processes.

A further object of the invention is to provide pharmaceutical compositions containing, as an active ingredient, one of the above compounds. Yet another object of the invention is to provide a method of treating a variety of disease states, including post-transplant tissue rejection and autoimmune disfunction.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to compounds having the formula: ##STR3## and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, esters, amides and prodrugs thereof, wherein n, R, R¹, R^(1a), R², R^(2a), R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are specifically defined, which possess immunosuppressive, antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antiinflammatory and antiproliferative activity, as well as the ability to reverse chemotherapeutic drug resistance; to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the invention in combination with a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier; to processes for the preparation of these compounds; to synthetic intermediates useful in the preparations of these and other immunomodulator derivatives of ascomycin; to methods of formulating pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds; and to a method of immunomodulatory treatment of a human or veterinary subject in need of such treatment by the administration of a therapeutically-effective amount of a novel compound according to the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The instant invention is directed to novel compounds described by the general formula (I): ##STR4## and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, esters, amides and prodrugs thereof, wherein:

n is zero or one;

R is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, allyl, propyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, cyclopropylmethyl, 2-oxopropyl or 2-ethanal;

R¹ and R^(1a) are selected such that one of R¹ and R^(1a) is hydrogen, --(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)oxy or hydroxy, and the other is chosen from the group consisting of:

(I) --O(CH₂)_(j) C(O)R¹², where j is one-to-five, and R¹² is:

(A) hydroxy;

(B) --OR¹³, wherein R¹³ is:

(i) --(C₁ -C₁₀ -alkyl);

(ii) -(cyclo-C₃ -C₈ -alkyl);

(iii) -(cyclo-C₃ -C₈ -alkyl-C₁ -C₃ -alkyl);

(iv) aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)-, where aryl is as defined below, wherein the zero, one, two or three substituents on the aryl group, each designated R³⁰¹, are independently selected from the group consisting of:

(a) --(C₁ -to-C₇ -alkyl);

(b) --(C₂ -to-C₆ -alkenyl);

(c) halogen;

(d) --(CH₂)_(m) NR⁸ R⁹, where m is zero-to-six, and NR⁸ R⁹ is either a nitrogen atom attached to R⁸ and R⁹, wherein R⁸ and R⁹ are independently selected from the group consisting of:

(1) hydrogen;

(2) --R⁴⁰⁰, where R⁴⁰⁰ is selected from the group consisting of:

a. mod-aryl, as defined below, wherein the one, two, or three substituents, each designated R³⁰², are independently selected from the group consisting of:

1. --(C₁ -to-C₇ -alkyl);

2. --(C₂ -to-C₆ -alkenyl);

3. halogen;

4. --(CH₂)_(m) NR¹⁸ R¹⁹, where m is as defined above and NR¹⁸ R¹⁹ is either a nitrogen atom attached to R¹⁸ and R¹⁹, wherein R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, --(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl), unsubstituted aryl-, and unsubstituted aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl); or NR¹⁸ R¹⁹ may be a 3-to-7-membered heterocyclic ring comprising ring carbon atoms, the nitrogen atom shown, and zero, one or two additional heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of --O--, --NH--, --N(C₁ -to-C₆ -alkyl) and --S(O)_(s) --, wherein s is zero, one or two;

5. --CN;

6. --CHO;

7. mono-, di-, tri-, or perhalogenated --C₁ -C₆ -alkyl, as defined below;

8. --S(O)_(s) R¹⁸, where s and R¹⁸ are as defined above;

9. --C(O)NR¹⁸ R¹⁹, where NR¹⁸ R¹⁹ is as defined above;

10. --(CH₂)_(m) OR¹⁸, where m and R¹⁸ are as defined above;

11. --CH(OR¹⁶)(OR¹⁷), where R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently chosen from --(C₁ -to-C₃ alkyl) or, token together, R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ form an ethylene or propylene bridge;

12. --(CH₂)_(m) OC(O)R¹⁸, where m and R¹⁸ are as defined above;

13. --(CH₂)_(m) C(O)OR¹⁸, where m and R¹⁸ are as defined above;

14. --OR¹⁰, where R¹⁰ is:

(i) --PO(OH)O⁻ M⁺, wherein M⁺ is a proton or a positively charged inorganic or organic counterion, as defined below,

(ii) --SO₃ ⁻ M⁺, wherein M⁺ is as defined above,

(iii) --C(O) (CH₂)_(m) C(O) O⁻ M⁺, wherein m and M⁺ are as defined above;

15. --NO₂ ;

16. --N₃ ;

17. --(C₂ -to-C₆ -alkynyl);

18. --C.tbd.C--Si(CH₃)₃ ; and

19. guanidino substituted by hydrogen; --(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl); unsubstituted aryl; (C₁ -C₈ -alkyl)-C(O); unsubstituted aryl-S(O)₂ ; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)-OC(O)--; unsubstituted aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)-OC(O); unsubstituted aryl-OC(O); or (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)-SO₂ --; or taken together, any two adjacent R³⁰² substituents in a di- or trisubstituted mod-aryl group form a 5-, 6- or 7-membered membered carbocyclic ring or a 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring wherein the ring atoms consist of carbon atoms and one or two heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of --O--, --S(O)_(s) --, where s is as defined above, and --NR¹⁸ --, where R¹⁸ is as defined above;

b. --Q-mod-aryl, where mod-aryl is as defined below and substituent(s) R³⁰² is/are as defined above, and the divalent radical --Q-- is selected from the group consisting of:

--(C₁ -to-C₆ -alkyl)-;

2. --(C₂ -to-C₆ -alkenyl)-;

3. --(C₂ -to-C₆ -alkynyl)-;

4. --(CH₂)_(m) O--, wherein m is as defined above;

5. --O(CH₂)_(m) --, wherein m is as defined above;

6. --N(R¹⁸)C(O)--, wherein R¹⁸ is as defined above;

7. --C(O)N(R¹⁸)--, wherein R¹⁸ is as defined above;

8. --S(O)_(s) --, wherein s is as defined above;

9. --N(R¹⁸)--, wherein R¹⁸ is as defined above;

10. --N(R¹⁸)S(O)_(t) --, wherein t is one or two, and R¹⁸ is as defined above;

11. --S(O)_(t) N(R¹⁸)--, wherein t and R¹⁸ are as defined above;

12. --C(O)--;

13. --NN--;

14. --CHN--;

15. --NCH--;

16. --ONCH--; and

17. --CHNO--;

c. -mod-Het, as defined below, wherein the one, or two, or three substituents, each designated R³⁰², are independently selected, and are as defined above;

d. --Q-mod-Het, where Q is as defined above;

e. -biaryl, as defined below;

f. --Q-biaryl, where Q is as defined above;

g. -mod-aryl-Q-mod-aryl, where Q is as defined above;

h. -mod-aryl-Q-mod-Het, where Q is as defined above;

i. -mod-Het--Q-mod-aryl, where Q is as defined above;

j. -mod-Het--Q-mod-Het, where Q is as defined above;

k. -mod-Het-mod-aryl;

l. -mod-aryl-mod-Het; and

m. -mod-Het-mod-Het;

(3) --(C₁ -to-C₆ -alkyl);

(4) substituted-C₁ -to-C₆ -alkyl, as defined below;

(5) --(C₃ -to-C₆ -alkenyl);

(6) substituted-C₃ -to-C₆ -alkenyl, as defined below;

(7) --(C₃ -to-C₆ -alkynyl);

(8) substituted-C₃ -to-C₆ -alkynyl, as defined below;

(9) -(cyclo-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl);

(10) substituted-cyclo-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl, as defined below;

(11) -(cyclo-C₄ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl);

(12) substituted-cyclo-C₄ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl, as defined below;

(13) -(bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl);

(14) substituted-bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl, as defined below;

(15) -(bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl);

(16) substituted-bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl, as defined below;

(17) -(bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl)-C₁ -to-C₆ -alkyl; and

(18) substituted-bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl-C₁ -to-C₆ -alkyl, or as defined below; or

--NR⁸ R⁹ may be a 3- to 7-membered heterocyclic ring, where the ring consists of carbon atoms, the nitrogen atom shown, and zero, one or two additional heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of --O--, --S(O)_(s) --, wherein s is as defined above, and --NR⁸ --, wherein R⁸ is as defined above;

(e) --CN;

(f) --CHO;

(g) mono-, di-, tri-, or perhalogenated-C₁ -C₆ -alkyl;

(h) --S(O)_(s) R⁸, where s and R⁸ are as defined above;

(i) --C(O)NR⁸ R ⁹, where NR⁸ R ⁹ is as defined above;

(j) --(CH₂)_(m) OR⁸, where m and R⁸ are as defined above;

(k) --CH(OR¹⁶)(OR¹⁷), where R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are as defined above;

(l) --(CH₂)_(m) OC(O)R⁸, where m and R⁸ are as defined above;

(m) --(CH₂)_(m) C(O)OR⁸, where m and R⁸ are as defined above;

(n) --OR¹⁰, where R¹⁰ is as defined above;

(o) --NO₂ ;

(p) --N₃ ;

(q) --R⁴⁰⁰, as defined above;

(r) --S(O)_(t) NR⁸ R⁹, where t and NR⁸ R⁹ are as defined above;

(s) --NR⁸ S(O)_(t) R⁹, where t, R⁸ and R⁹ are as defined above;

(t) --(C₂ -to-C₆ -alkynyl);

(u) --C.tbd.Si(CH₃)₃ ; and

(v) guanidino substituted by hydrogen; --(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl); -mod-aryl; (C₁ -C₈ -alkyl)-C(O)--; mod-aryl-SO₂ --; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)-OC(O)--; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)-OC(O); mod-aryl-OC(O)--; or (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)SO₂ --;or taken together, any two adjacent R³⁰¹ substituents in a di- or trisubstituted aryl group form a 5-, 6- or 7-membered carbocyclic ring or a 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring wherein the ring atoms consist of carbon atoms and zero, one or two heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of --O--, --S(O)_(s) --, where s is as defined above, and --NR⁸ --, where R⁸ is as defined above; with the proviso that each R³⁰¹ substituent or each ring formed by two adjacent R³⁰¹ groups may comprise no more than twenty non-hydrogen atoms;

(v) aryl-, as defined below and substituent(s) R301 is/are as defined above;

(vi) Het-, as defined below;

(vii) heterocyclic-, as defined below;

(viii) mono-, di-, tri-, or per-halogenated-C₁ -C₆ -alkyl-;

(ix) -(cyclo-C₅ -C₁₀ -alkenyl);

(x) -(cyclo-C₅ -C₁₀ -alkenyl-C₁ -C₃ -alkyl);

(xi) -(bicyclo-C₆ -C₁₂ -alkenyl);

(xii) -(bicyclo-C₆ -C₁₂ -alkenyl-C₁ -C₃ -alkyl);

(C) --NR¹⁴ R¹⁵, wherein NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ is either a nitrogen atom attached to R¹⁴ and R¹⁵, wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are independently selected from the group consisting of:

(i) hydrogen;

(ii) --R⁴⁰⁰, as defined above;

(iii) --(C₁ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl);

(iv) sub-C₁ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl, as defined below;

(v) -(cyclo-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl);

(vi) sub-cyclo-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl, as defined below;

(vii) -(cyclo-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl-C₁ -to-C₃ -alkyl);

(viii) sub-cyclo-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl-C₁ -to-C₃ -alkyl, as defined below;

(ix) --(C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl);

(x) sub-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl, as defined below;

(xi) -(cyclo-C₄ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl);

(xii) sub-cyclo-C₄ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl, as defined below;

(xiii) -(cyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl-C₃ -C₅ -alkenyl);

(xiv) sub-cyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl-C₃ -C₅ -alkenyl, as defined below;

(xv) --(C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkynyl);

(xvi) sub-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkynyl, as defined below;

(xvii) -(cyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl-C₃ -C₅ -alkynyl);

(xviii) sub-cyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl-C₃ -C₅ -alkynyl, as defined below;

(xix) -(bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl);

(xx) sub-bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl, as defined below;

(xxi) -(bicyclo-C₆ -to- C₁₀ -alkenyl);

(xxii) sub-bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl, as defined below;

(xxiii) -aryl;

(xxiv) -Het; and

(xxv) R⁶, where R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of:

(a) hydrogen;

(b) --(C₁ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl);

(c) mod-C₁ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl, as defined below;

(d) --(C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl);

(e) mod-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl, as defined below;

(f) --(C₃ -to-C₁₀ alkynyl);

(g) mod-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkynyl, as defined below;

(h) -(cyclo-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl);

(i) mod-cyclo-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl, as defined below;

(j) -(cyclo-C₄ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl);

(k) mod-cyclo-C₄ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl, as defined below;

(l) -(bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl);

(m) mod-bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl, as defined below;

(n) -(bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl);

(o) mod-bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl, as defined below;

(p) --R⁸, as defined above;

(q) -aryl; and

(r) --Het; or

--NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ may be a 3- to 7-membered heterocyclic ring, where the ring consists of carbon atoms, the nitrogen atom shown, and zero, one or two additional heteroatoms independently selected from --O--, --S(O)_(s) --, wherein s is as defined above, and --NR⁸ --, wherein R⁸ is as defined above, which ring is unsubstituted or substituted with from one-to-five compatible radicals independently selected from the group consisting of:

(i) R⁶, as defined above;

(ii) --(CH₂)_(m) OR⁶, where m and R⁶ are as defined above;

(iii) --(CH₂)_(m) NR⁶ R⁷, where m is as defined above and NR⁶ R⁷ is either a nitrogen atom attached to R⁶ and R⁷, wherein R⁶ is as defined above and R⁷ is independently selected from the group defining R⁶, or

--NR⁶ R⁷ may be a 3- to 7-membered heterocyclic ring, where the ring consists of carbon atoms, the nitrogen atom shown, and zero, one, or two additional heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of --O--, --S(O)_(s) --, wherein s is as defined above, and --NR⁸ --, wherein R⁸ is as defined above, which ring is unsubstituted or substituted with from one-to-six compatible radicals independently selected from the group consisting of:

(a) --R⁸, as defined above;

(b) --(CH₂)_(m) OR⁸, wherein m and R⁸ are as defined above;

(c) --S(O)_(s) R⁸, wherein s and R⁸ are as defined above;

(d) --S(O)_(t) NR⁸ R⁹, wherein t and NR⁸ R⁹ are as defined above;

(e) --(CH₂)_(m) NR⁸ R⁹, wherein m and NR⁸ R⁹ are as defined above;

(f) --SO₃ H;

(g) ═NOR⁸, wherein R⁸ is as defined above;

(h) --R⁴⁰⁰, as defined above;

(i) -aryl;

(j) --Het; and

(k) --R³⁹⁹, wherein R³⁹⁹ is selected from the group consisting of:

(1) hydroxyl;

(2) --C(O)OH;

(3) --C(O)OR⁸, where R⁸ is as defined above;

(4) -(cyclo-C₃ -to-C₇ -alkyl);

(5) oxo

(6) thiooxo;

(7) epoxy;

(8) halogen;

(9) --CN;

(10) --N₃ ;

(11) --NO₂ ;

(12) --OR¹⁰, where R¹⁰ is as defined above;

(13) --S(O)_(t) NR⁸ NR⁹, where t and NR⁸ R⁹ are as defined above;

(14) --NR⁸ S(O)_(t) R⁹, where t, R⁸ and R⁹ are as defined above;

(15) --CH(OR¹⁶)(OR¹⁷), where R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are as defined above; and

(16) guanidino substituted by hydrogen, --(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl); aryl; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)CO--; aryl-SO₂ --; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)--; aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)--; aryl-OC(O)--; or (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)-SO₂ --;

(iv) --C(O)OR⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;

(v) --SO₃ H;

(vi) --S(O)_(s) R⁶, where s and R⁶ are as defined above;

(vii) --S(O)_(t) NR⁶ R⁷, where t and NR⁶ R⁷ are as defined above;

(viii) ═NOR⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;

(ix) -aryl;

(x) --Het;

(xi) --R³⁹⁹, as defined above; and

(xii) --R⁴⁰⁰, as defined above;

(D) -aryl;

(E) Het--;

(F) mono-, di-, tri-, or per-halogenated-C₁ -C₆ alkyl;

(G) --N(R⁸)NR¹⁴ R¹⁵, where R⁸ and NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ are as defined above;

(H) --Si(R¹¹)₃, where each R¹¹ is independently --(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl), aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)-, or aryl;

(I) --OSi(R¹¹)₃, where each R¹¹ is independently as defined above;

(J) --Sn(R¹¹)₃, where each R¹¹ is independently as defined above;

(K) --P(R¹¹)₂, where each R¹¹ is independently as defined above;

(L) --R¹⁴, where R¹⁴ is as defined above; or

(M) halogen;

(II) --O(CH₂)_(m) S(O)_(s) R¹², where m, s and R¹² are as defined above;

(III) --O(CH₂)_(j) CN, where j is as defined above;

(IV) --O(CH₂)_(j) C(═NOR¹⁴)R¹², where j, R¹² and R¹⁴ are as defined above;

(V) --O(CH₂)_(j) C(═N⁺ (O⁻)R¹⁴)R¹², where j, R¹² and R¹⁴ are as defined above, with the proviso that R¹⁴ may not be hydrogen;

(VI) --O(CH₂)_(j) C(═NOR¹⁴)R¹⁵, where j, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are as defined above;

(VII) --O(CH₂)_(j) C(═N⁺ (O⁻)R¹⁴)R¹⁵, where j, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are as defined above, with the proviso that R¹⁴ may not be hydrogen;

(VIII) --OC(O)O(CH₂)_(j) C(O)NR¹⁴ R¹⁵, where j and NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ are as defined above;

(IX) --O(CH₂)_(j) NR⁶ C(O)OR¹⁴, where j, R⁶ and R¹⁴ are as defined above;

(X) --O(CH₂)_(j) NR⁶ C(O)NR¹⁴ R¹⁵, where j, R⁶ and NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ are as defined above;

(XI) --O(CH₂)_(j) NR⁶ C(O)NR⁷ NR¹⁴ R¹⁵, where j, R⁶, R⁷ and NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ are as defined above;

(XII) --O(CH₂)_(j) NR⁶ C(O)R¹⁴, where j, R⁶ and R¹⁴ are as defined above; and

(XIII) --O(CH₂)_(j) NR⁶ C(O)OC(O)R¹⁴, where j, R⁶ and R¹⁴ are as defined above;

R² and R^(2a) are independently hydrogen, halogen, or --OR¹⁴, wherein R¹⁴ is as defined above, or one of R² and R^(2a) may be hydroxy, when the other of R² or R^(2a) is hydrogen, or R² and R^(2a) taken together is oxo or thiooxo;

R³ and R⁴ are chosen, when R⁵ is hydrogen, such that one of R³ and R⁴ is hydrogen and the other is selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, --OCOR⁸, where R⁸ is as defined above, or --OSi(R¹¹)₃, where each R¹¹ is independently as defined above, or one of R³ and R⁴ is joined with non-hydrogen R⁵ to form a C-23/C-24 bond, with the other being hydrogen, hydroxy, --OCOR⁸, where R⁸ is as defined above, or --OSi(R¹¹)₃, where each R¹¹ is independently as defined above;

R⁵ is hydrogen, or taken together with either R³ or R⁴, forms a C-23/C-24 bond.

It is understood that when a variable, such as m, s, t, M⁺, Q, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R³⁰¹, R³⁰², R³⁹⁹, R⁴⁰⁰, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, Het, mod-aryl, mod-Het, or the like, occurs more than once in a formula, its value is chosen independently at each occurance. It is further understood that the present application is not claiming substituents or substitution patterns that are impractical or unreasonable to prepare.

Preferred compounds according to the present invention are represented by formula (II): ##STR5## wherein n, R, R², R^(2a), R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are as defined above and A is selected from among; ##STR6## where j, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are as defined above.

More preferred compounds according to the present invention are represented by formula (III): ##STR7## wherein n, R, R², R^(2a), R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are as defined above and B is selected from: ##STR8## where j, m, R⁶, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are as defined above, and aryl is as defined below.

Most preferred compounds according to the present invention are represented by formula (IV): ##STR9## wherein n, R, R², R^(2a), R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are as defined above and D is selected from: ##STR10## and where j, R⁶ and R⁷ are as defined above.

Preferred compounds according to the invention are the compounds of:

Formula II, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and A=--OCH₂ C(O)--O--CH₂ - (1R)-(+)-alpha-pinen-10-yl)!;

Formula II, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OSi(CH₃)₃ ; and A=--OCH₂ C(O)--O--CH₂ - (1R)-(+)-a-pinen-10-yl)!;

Formula II, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and A=--OCH₂ C(O)--O--CH₂ -(4-nitrophenyl);

Formula II, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and A=--OCH₂ C(O)OC₂ H₅ ;

Formula II, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and A=--OCH₂ C(O)OCH₂ C₆ H₅ ;

Formula II, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and A=--OCH₂ C(O)OH;

Formula II, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and A=--OCH₂ C(O)OCH₂ -(9-fluorenyl);

Formula II, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═H; A=--OCH₂ C(O)OCH₂ Ph; and R⁴ and R⁵ taken together form a bond; and

Formula II, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁴ ═R⁵ ═H; and A=--OCH₂ C(O)OH;

Formula II: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; A=--OCH₂ C(O)OCH₂ CCl₃ ;

More preferred compounds according to the invention are the compounds of:

Formula III, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and B=--OCH₂ C(O)--NHR¹⁵, where R¹⁵ =--CH(CH3)CONHCH(CH3)CONHCH(CH3)CO2H (all chiral centers in R¹⁵ are R configuration);

Formula III, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and B=--OCH₂ C(O)--N(CH₂ CH₂ N(CH₃)(CH₂ CH₂ OH))-phenyl;

Formula III, wherein R=ethyl; n=1: R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and B=--OCH₂ C(O)--N(CH₂ CH₂ N(CH₃)2)-phenyl;

Formula III, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and B=--OCH₂ C(O)--NHNHCO₂ CH₃ ;

Formula III, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and B=--OCH₂ C(O)--N(CH₂ CH₂ OH)--NHCO₂ CH₃ ;

Formula III, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and B=--OCH₂ C(O)--N(CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ OCOCH₂ CH₂ CO₂ H)(4-fluorophenyl);

Formula III, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and B=--OCH₂ C(O)--HN(CH₂)₅ NH-dansyl;

Formula III, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and B=--OCH₂ C(O)N(phenyl)CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ OH; and

Formula III, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and B=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH(6-carbomethoxymethylmercaptopurine hydrazidyl);

Most preferred compounds according to the invention are the compounds of:

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH-benzyl;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--N(CH₃)-benzyl;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH₂ ;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH--CH₃ ;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--N(CH₃)₂ ;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH-ethyl;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--N(CH₃)-ethyl;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH--CH₂ CH₂ CH₃ ;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--N(CH₃)--CH₂ CH₂ CH₃ ;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH--CH(CH₃)₂ ;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--N(CH₃)--CH(CH₃)₂ ;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH-cyclopropyl;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH--CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₃ ;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--N(CH₃)--CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₃ ;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH--CH₂ CH(CH₃)₂ ;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--N(CH₃)--CH₂ CH(CH₃);

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and B=--OCH₂ C(O)--NHNH--CO-(4-pyridyl);

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH-cyclobutyl;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH--CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₃ ;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--N(CH₃)--CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₃ ;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH--CH₂ CH₂ CH(CH₃)₂ ;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--N(CH₃)--CH₂ CH₂ CH(CH₃)₂ ;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH-cyclopentyl;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH--CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₃ ;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--N(CH₃)--CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₃ ;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH-cyclohexyl;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NR⁶ R⁷, where R⁶ and R⁷, taken together=--CH₂ CH₂ OCH₂ CH₂ --, thus forming a six-membered ring incorporating the nitrogen to which they are attached;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and B=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH(4-morpholinyl);

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH--CH₂ CH₂ OH;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH--CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ OH;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH--CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ OH;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH--CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ OH;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH--CH₂ CH₂ NH₂ ;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH--CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ NH₂ ;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH--CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ NH₂ ;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH--CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ NH₂ ;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH--CH₂ CO₂ CH₂ Ph;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH--CH₂ CO₂ H;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH--CH₂ CH₂ CO₂ CH₂ Ph;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R² ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH--CH₂ CH₂ CO₂ H;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH--(R)--CH(CH₃)CO₂ H, and has an R configuration;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH--(S)--CH(CH₃)CO₂ H;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH-3-phenyl-phenyl;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--N(CH₂ CH₂ OH)(3-phenyl-phenyl);

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--N(CH₂ (3-pyridyl))₂ ;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--N(cyclohexyl)₂ ;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH(4-thiomorpholinyl);

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH(4-CF₃ -phenyl);

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH(4-F-phenyl);

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH(4-(4-morpholino)-phenyl);

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH(4-HO-phenyl);

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH-3 -pyridyl;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH-4-pyridyl;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH-2-pyridyl;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--N(CH₃)--CH₂ CH₂ OH;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--(L-prolinocarboxamide);

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--(D-prolinocarboxamide);

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--(L-prolinol);

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--(D-prolinol);

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH(3-(phenylethynyl)phenyl);

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--N(CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ OH)(4-fluorophenyl);

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)NR⁶ R⁷, where R⁶ and R⁷, taken together, form the diradical, --CH₂ CH₂ --C(OCH₂ CH₂ O)CH₂ CH₂ --;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH(3-fluorophenyl);

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH(3-hydroxy-phenyl);

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)NR⁶ R⁷, where R⁶ and R⁷, taken together, form the diradical, --CH₂ CH₂ --NCH₃ --CH₂ CH₂ --;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH{6-(1,4-benzodioxanyl)};

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH(3,4-methylenedioxy-phenyl);

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH-1-naphthalenyl;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; D=--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² ; and R¹² ═NR⁶ R⁷ ; where R⁶ and R⁷ taken together =--CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ --, thus forming a five membered ring incorporating the nitrogen to which they are attached;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; D=--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² ; and R¹² ═NR⁶ R⁷ ; where R⁶ and R⁷ taken together =--CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ --, thus forming a six membered ring incorporating the nitrogen to which they are attached;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ --C(O)NH--CH₂ CH₂ C₆ H₅ ;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ --C(O)N(CH₃)--CH₂ CH₂ C₆ H₅ ;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ --C(O)--NHC₆ H₅ ;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ --C(O)--NH(CH₂)₂ N(CH₂ CH₂)₂ O;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ --C(O)--NH(CH₂)₃ N(CH₂ CH₂)₂ O;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ --C(O)--NH(CH₂)₂ N(CH₃)₂ ;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ --C(O)--NH(CH₂)₃ N(CH₃)₂ ;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ --C(O)--(S)--NHCH(CH₂ C₆ H₅)CO₂ CH₂ Ph;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ --C(O)--(S)--NHCH(CH₂ C₆ H₅)CO₂ H;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ --C(O)--(R)--NHCH(CH₂ C₆ H₅)CO₂ CH₂ Ph;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ --C(O)--(R)--NHCH(CH₂ C₆ H₅)CO₂ H;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ --C(O)--HN(CH₂)₂ SH;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ --C(O)--HN(CH₂)₃ SH;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH-2-naphthyl;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁴ ═R⁵ ═H; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NR⁶ R⁷, where R⁶ and R⁷, taken together, are the diradical, --CH₂ CH₂ OCH₂ CH₂ --;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH{4-(H₂ NSO₂)-phenyl};

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)NR⁶ R⁷, where R⁶ and R⁷, taken together, form the diradical, --CH₂ CH₂ --N(CH₂ CH₂ OH)CH₂ CH₂ --;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--N(CH₃)phenyl;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--N(CH₂ CH₂ OH)₂ ;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--N(CH₃)CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ N(CH₃)₂ ;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH--CH(CH₂ OH)₂ ;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--NH{3-(CF₃)-phenyl};

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ C(O)--N(CH₂ CN)₂ ;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D=--OCH₂ --C(O)NR⁶ R⁷, where R⁶ and R⁷, taken together, form the diradical, --CH₂ CH₂ --;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D═OCH₂ --NH(CO)NR⁶ R⁷ ; where R⁶ and R⁷, taken together, are the diradical, --CH₂ CH₂ OCH₂ CH₂ --;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ =H; R⁴ ═OH; and D═OCH₂ --NH(CO)NH-phenyl;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D═OCH₂ --NH(CO)NH--CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ OH;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D═OCH₂ C(O)--NR⁶ R⁷, where R⁶ and R⁷, taken together, form the diradical, --CH₂ CH₂ SO₂ CH₂ CH₂ ;

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D═OCH₂ C(O)--NH--CH₂ CH₂ -(4-F-phenyl);

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D═OCH₂ C(O)--NH(4-Cl-phenyl);

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D═OCH₂ C(O)--NH(4-(OCH₃)-phenyl);

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D═OCH₂ C(O)--NH(4-CH₃ -phenyl);

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D═OCH₂ C(O)--NH(3,4-Cl₂ -phenyl);

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; and D═OCH₂ C(O)--NH(3-I-phenyl);

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═H; R⁴ and R⁵, taken together, form a bond; and D=--OCH₂ C(O){4-(morpholinyl)};

Formula IV, wherein R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R^(2a) ═R⁴ ═OH; and D=OCH₂ --C(O)NH(3-fluoro-phenyl); and

Formula IV: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; D=--OCH₂ C(O)NR⁶ R⁷ ; R⁶ ═(CH₂)₂ N(CH₂ CH₂)₂ O; R⁷ =--CH₂ CH₂ OH.

As used throughout this Specification and Claims, the following terms have the meanings specified:

"Acyl", as used herein, refers to an aryl or alkyl group, as defined below, appended to the remainder of the molecule via a carbonyl group. Examples include, but are not limited to, acetyl, pivaloyl, benzoyl, and the like.

"Acylamino" refers to an acyl group, as defined above, except that it is appended to the remainder of the molecule via an amino group. Examples include, but are not limited to, acetylamino, pivaloylamino, benzoylamino, and the like.

"Acylguanidino" refers to an acyl group, as defined above, except that it is attached to the remainder of the molecule via a nitrogen of a guanidino radical in one of three ways: HN(acyl)C(NH)NH-- or H₂ NC(NH)N(acyl)- or (acyl)NC(NH₂)HN--.

"Alkenyl" refers to straight- or branched-chain groups of a specified number of carbon atoms containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond including, but not limited to ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 2-methyl-1-propenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, and the like.

"Alkoxy", "alkylether" and "loweralkoxy" refer to an alkyl group, as defined below, attached to the remainder of the molecule through an oxygen atom. Examples include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, isobutoxy, tert-butoxy and the like.

"Alkoxycarbonyl" refers to an alkoxy group, as defined above, except that it is attached to the remainder of the molecule via a carbonyl group. Examples include, but are not limited to, methyloxycarbonyl, ethyloxycarbonyl, tert-butyloxycarbonyl, cyclohexyloxycarbonyl, and the like.

"Alkoxycarbonylamino" refers to an alkoxycarbonyl group, as defined above, except that it is attached to the remainder of the molecule via an amino group. Examples include, but are not limited to, methyloxy-carbonylamino, tert-butyloxycarbonylamino, and the like.

"Alkoxycarbonylguanidino" refers to an alkoxycarbonyl group, as defined above, except that it is attached to the remainder of the molecule via a nitrogen of a guanidino radical in one of three ways: HN(alkoxycarbonyl)C(NH)HN--, H₂ NC-(NH)N(alkoxycarbonyl)- or (alkoxycarbonyl)NC(NH₂)HN--.

"Alkyl" refers to a straight- or branched-chain group of a specified number of carbon atoms including, as appropriate, but not necessarily limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, and the like.

"Alkylamino" refers to a group having the structure --NH-(alkyl), where the alkyl portion is as defined above, including, for example, methylamino, ethylamino, isopropylamino, and the like.

"Alkylsulfonyl" refers to an alkyl group, as defined above, except that it is attached to the remainder of the molecule via a sulfur dioxide diradical. Examples include but are not limited to, methanesulfonyl, camphorsulfonyl and the like.

"Alkylthioether" and "thioalkoxy" refer to an alkyl, group, as previously defined, except that it is attached to the remainder of the molecule via a sulfur atom. Examples include, but are not limited to, thiomethoxy, thioethoxy, thioisopropoxy, n-thiobutoxy, sec-thiobutoxy, isothiobutoxy, tert-thiobutoxy, and the like.

"Alkynyl" refers to straight- or branched-chain groups of a specified number of carbon atoms containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, including, but not limited to acetylenyl, propargyl, and the like.

"Amidoalkyl" refers to a group having the structure --NR¹⁰¹ C(O)R¹⁰² appended to the remainder of the molecule via an alkyl group, as previously defined, wherein R¹⁰¹ and R¹⁰² are independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, or halosubstituted alkyl, or R¹⁰¹ and R¹⁰², taken together, may optionally be --(CH₂)_(aa) --, where aa is an integer of from 2-to-6.

"Aminoalkyl" refers to a group having the structure --NR¹⁰³ R¹⁰⁴ appended to the remainder of the molecule via an alkyl group, as previously defined, wherein R¹⁰³ and R¹⁰⁴ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, qualified-aryl or qualified-arylalkyl, or R¹⁰³ and R¹⁰⁴, taken together, may optionally be --(CH₂)_(bb) --, where bb is an integer of from 2-to-6.

"Aryl", as used herein, refers to mono-, di-, tri- or tetracyclic aromatic groups, charged or uncharged, the rings of which are comprised of from 3-to-7 carbon atoms. Examples of aryl include, but are not limited to, phenyl, 1- or 2-naphthyl, azulenyl, fluorenyl, (1,2)-dihydronaphthyl, (1,2,3,4)-tetrahydronaphthyl, indenyl, indanyl and the like, which are unsubstituted or substituted with from one, two or three independently-selected substituents, R³⁰¹, as defined above.

"Arylalkoxy" and "arylalkylether" refer to an arylalkyl group, as defined below, attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom. Examples include, but are not limited to, benzyloxy, 2-phenethyloxy, 1-naphthylmethyloxy, and the like.

"Arylalkoxycarbonyl" refers to an arylalkoxy group, as defined above, except that it is attached to the remainder of the molecule via a carbonyl group. Examples include, but are not limited to, benzyloxycarbonyl, 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl, and the like.

"Arylalkoxycarbonylamino" refers to an arylalkoxycarbonyl group, as defined above, except that it is attached to the remainder of the molecule via an amino group. Examples include, but are not limited to, benzyloxycarbonylamino, 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonylamino, and the like. "Arylalkoxycarbonylguanidino" refers to an arylalkoxycarbonyl group, as defined above, except that it is attached to the remainder of the molecule via a nitrogen of a guanidino radical in one of three ways: HN(arylalkoxycarbonyl)C(NH)HN--, H₂ NC(NH)N(arylalkoxycarbonyl)- or (arylalkoxycarbonyl)NC(NH₂)HN--.

"Arylalkyl" refers to an aryl group, as previously defined, except that it is attached to the remainder of the molecule via an alkyl group.

"Arylalkylamino" refers to a group having the structure --NH-(arylalkyl), where the arylalkyl portion is as previously defined, except that it is attached to the remainder of the molecule via an amino group. Examples include benzylamino, 1-phenylethylamino, and the like.

"Arylalkylthioether" and "thioarylalkoxy" refer to an arylalkyl group, as previously defined, except that it is attached to the remainder of the molecule via a sulfur atom.

"Arylamino" refers to an aryl group, as defined above, except that it is attached to the remainder of the molecule via an amino group. Examples include, but are not limited to, anilino, naphthylamino, and the like.

"Arylether" and "aryloxy" refer to an aryl group, as previously defined, attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom. Examples include, but are not limited to, phenoxy, 1-naphthoxy, 2-naphthoxy, and the like.

"Aryloxycarbonyl" refers to an aryloxy group, as defined above, except that it is attached to the remainder of the molecule via a carbonyl group. Examples include, but are not limited to, phenyloxycarbonyl, and the like.

"Aryloxycarbonylamino" refers to an aryloxycarbonyl group, as defined above, except that it is attached to the remainder of the molecule via an amino group. Examples include, but are not limited to, phenyloxycarbonylamino, and the like.

"Aryloxycarbonylguanidino" refers to an aryloxycarbonyl group, as defined above, except that it is attached to the remainder of the molecule via a nitrogen of a guanidino moiety in one of three ways: HN(aryloxycarbonyl)C(NH)HN--, H₂ NC(NH)N(aryloxycarbonyl)- or (aryloxycarbonyl)NC(NH₂)HN--.

"Arylsulfonyl" refers to an aryl group, as defined above, except that it is attached to the remainder of the molecule via a sulfur dioxide group. Examples include, but are not limited to p-toluenesulfonyl, benzenesulfonyl, and the like.

"Arylsulfonylguanidino" refers to an arylsulfonyl group, as defined above, except that it is attached to the remainder of the molecule via a guanidino group in one of three ways: HN(arylsulfonyl)C(NH)HN-- or H₂ NC(NH)N(arylsulfonyl)- or (arylsulfonyl)NC(NH₂)HN--.

"Arylthioether" and "thioaryloxy" refer to an aryl group, as defined-above, except that it is attached to the remainder of the molecule via a sulfur atom.

"Biaryl" refers to a mod-aryl group, as defined below, which carries as a substituent another independently selected mod-aryl group, such that the two are connected by a single carbon-carbon-bond.

"Carboxamido" refers to an amino group attached to the remainder of the molecule via a carbonyl group, and having the formula H₂ NC(O)--.

"Carboxyalkyl" refers to a carboxyl group, --CO₂ H, appended to the remainder of the molecule via an alkyl group, as previously defined.

"Counterion", as used herein, refers to a positively-charged atom or molecular species, with a net charge of +1, which includes, but is not limited to Li⁺, Na⁺, Ca(OC(O)CH₃)⁺, MgCl⁺, K⁺, NH₄ ⁺, (n-butyl)₄ N⁺, and the like.

"Cycloalkenyl" refers to cyclic groups of 5-to-10 carbons possessing one or more carbon-carbon double bonds including, but not limited to, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, 1,3,3-trimethylcyclohexenyl, and the like, in which the point of attachment may occur at any available valency on the carbocylic ring.

"Cycloalkyl" refers to saturated cyclic groups of 3-to-8 carbons including, but not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and the like.

"Cycloalkylalkenyl" refers to cycloalkyl, as defined above, except that it is attached to the remainder of the molecule via an alkenyl group, as defined above.

"Cycloalkylalkyl" refers to a cycloalkyl group, as defined above, except that it is attached to the remainder of the molecule via an alkyl group. Examples include, but are not limited to, cyclohexylmethyl, cyclohexylethyl, and the like.

"Cycloalkylalkynyl" refers to cycloalkyl, as defined above, except that it is attached to the remainder of the molecule via an alkynyl group, as defined above.

"Guanidino" refers to a group of the structure --NR¹⁰⁵ C(═NR¹⁰⁶)NHR¹⁰⁷ or --NC(NHR¹⁰⁶)NHR¹⁰⁷, wherein R¹⁰⁵, R¹⁰⁶, and R¹⁰⁷ are independently selected from hydrogen, (C₁ -to-C₆ -alkyl), mod-Het-, as defined below, mod-heterocyclic, as defined below, aminoalkyl, as defined above, and mod-aryl, as defined below, or alternatively, R¹⁰⁶, and R¹⁰⁷, taken together, may optionally be --(CH₂)_(cc) --, where cc is an integer of from 2-to-6.

"Halo" and "halogen" refer to an atom selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

"Het-", as used herein, refers to any aromatic 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic ring or a bi- or tri-cyclic group comprising fused five- or six-membered rings having ring carbon atoms and between one and three heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, wherein (i) each 5-membered ring has 2 double bonds and each 6- or 7-membered ring has 3 double bonds, (ii) the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms as well as the carbon atoms may optionally be oxidized, (iii) the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized, (iv) any of these rings may be fused to a benzene ring, and (v) any carbon or heteroatom with suitable valence may bear a substituent, R³⁰¹, as defined above. Any two adjacent R³⁰¹ substituents in a di-, tri-, tetra- or penta-substituted Het group may form a 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring consisting of carbon atoms and zero, one or two heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of --O--, --S(O)_(s) --, where s is as defined above, and --NR⁸ --, where R⁸ is as defined above. Het groups include, but are not limited to, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, cytosinyl, thiocytosinyl, imidazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, xanthenyl, xanthonyl, xanthopterinyl, oxazolyl, thiouracilyl, isoxazolyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, uracilyl, urazolyl, uricyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, isoquinolinyl, thyminyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, furyl, thienyl, benzothienyl, and the like.

"Heterocyclic" as used herein, except where otherwise specified, refers to any non-aromatic 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic ring or a bi- or tri-cyclic group comprising fused five- or six-membered rings, having ring carbon atoms and between one-and-three heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, wherein (i) each 5-membered ring has 0 or 1 double bond and each 6-membered ring has 0 to 2 double bonds, (ii) the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms as well as the carbon atoms may optionally be oxidized, (iii) the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized, (iv) any of these rings may be fused to a benzene ring, and (v) any carbon or heteroatom with suitable valence may bear a substituent, R³⁰¹, as defined above. Any two adjacent R³⁰¹ substituents in a di-, tri-, tetra- or penta-substituted heterocyclic group may form a 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring consisting of ring carbon atoms and zero, one or two heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of --O--, --S(O)_(s) --, where s is as defined above, and --NR⁸ --, where R⁸ is as defined above. Representative heterocycles include, but are not limited to, aziridinyl, thiomorpholine, thiomorpholine-oxide, thiomorpholine dioxide, and pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, and isothiazolidinyl, and the like.

"Heterocyclic alkyl" refers to a heterocyclic group, as defined above, except that it is attached to the remainder of the molecule via an alkyl group, as previously defined.

"Heterocyclic alkylether" refers to a heterocyclic alkyl moiety, as defined above, except that it is attached to the remainder of the molecule via an oxygen atom.

"Heterocyclic alkenyl" refers to a heterocyclic group, as defined above, except that it is attached to the remainder of the molecule via an alkenyl group, as previously defined.

"Heterocyclic alkylthioether" refers to a heterocyclic alkyl moiety, as defined above, except that it is attached to the remainder of the molecule via a sulfur atom.

"Heterocyclic alkynyl" refers to a heterocyclic group, as defined above, except that it is attached to the remainder of the molecule via an alkynyl group, as previously defined.

"Heterocyclic ether" refers to a heterocyclic moiety, as defined above, except that it is attached to the remainder of the molecule via an oxygen atom.

"Heterocyclic thioether" refers to a heterocyclic moiety, as defined above, except that it is attached to the remainder of the molecule via a sulfur atom.

"Hydroxyalkyl" refers to an --OH appended to an alkyl group, as defined above.

"Hydroxy-protecting group" refers to those groups which are known in the art to protect a hydroxyl group against undesirable reactions during synthetic procedures and to be selectively removable including, but not limited to, methylthiomethyl, tert-butyldimethylsilyl, tert-butyldiphenylsilyl, acyl substituted with an aryl group, where acyl and aryl are defined above, and the like.

"Leaving group" refers to an alkyl-, alkenyl-, or aryl-substituent, where alkyl, alkenyl, and aryl are as defined above, which in a reaction becomes cleaved to either produce a site of unsaturation or to introduce another substituent.

"Mod-aryl", as used herein, refers to an aryl group, as defined above, except that the aryl group is unsubstituted or substituted with from one-to-three independently selected substituents, R³⁰², rather than R³⁰¹, where R³⁰² is as defined above. Any two adjacent R³⁰² substituents in a di- or tri-substituted mod-aryl group may form a 5-, 6- or 7-membered carbocyclic ring or 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic-ring where the ring atoms are carbon atoms and one or two heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of --O--, --S(O)_(s) --, where s is as defined above, and --NR¹⁸ --, where R¹⁸ is as defined above.

"Mod-C₁ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl", as used herein, refers to a --(C₁ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl) group substituted with from one-to-six radicals selected from:

(1) --R⁸, as defined above;

(2) --(CH₂)_(m) OR⁸, where m and R⁸ are as defined above;

(3) --S(O)_(s) R⁸, where s and R⁸ are as defined above;

(4) --S(O)_(t) NR⁸ R⁹, where t and NR⁸ R⁹ are as defined above;

(5) --(CH₂)_(m) NR⁸ R⁹, where m and NR⁸ R⁹ are as defined above;

(6) --SO₃ H;

(7) ═NOR⁸, where R⁸ is as defined above;

(8) --R³⁹⁹, as defined above;

(9) --R⁴⁰⁰, as defined above;

(10) -aryl; and

(11) --Het.

"Mod-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl", as used herein, refers to a --(C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl) group substituted with from one-to-six radicals selected from:

(1) --R⁸, where R⁸ is as defined above;

(2) --(CH₂)_(m) OR⁸, where m and R⁸ are as defined above;

(3) --S(O)_(s) R⁸, where s and R⁸ are as defined above;

(4) --S(O)_(t) NR⁸ R⁹, where t and NR⁸ R⁹ are as defined above;

(5) --(CH₂)_(m) NR⁸ R ⁹, where m and NR⁸ R⁹ are as defined above;

(6) --SO₃ H;

(7) ═NOR⁸, where R⁸ is as defined above;

(8) --R³⁹⁹, where R³⁹⁹ is as defined above;

(9) --R⁴⁰⁰, where R⁴⁰⁰ is as defined above;

(10) -aryl; and

(11) --Het.

"Mod-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkynyl", as used herein, refers to a --(C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkynyl) group substituted with from one-to-six radicals selected from:

(1) --R⁸, where R⁸ is as defined above;

(2) --(CH₂)_(m) OR⁸, where m and R⁸ are as defined above;

(3) --S(O)_(s) R⁸, where s and R⁸ are as defined above;

(4) --S(O)_(t) NR⁸ R⁹, where t and NR⁸ R⁹ are as defined above;

(5) --(CH₂)_(m) NR⁸ R⁹, where m and NR⁸ R⁹ are as defined above;

(6) --SO₃ H;

(7) ═NOR⁸, where R⁸ is as defined above;

(8) --R³⁹⁹, where R³⁹⁹ is as defined above;

(9) --R⁴⁰⁰, where R⁴⁰⁰ is as defined above;

(10) -aryl; and

(11) --Het.

"Mod-cyclo-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl", as used herein, refers to a -(cyclo-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl) group substituted with from one-to-six radicals selected from:

(1) --R⁸, where R⁸ is as defined above;

(2) --(CH₂)_(m) OR⁸, where m and R⁸ are as defined above;

(3) --S(O)_(s) R⁸, where s and R⁸ are as defined above;

(4) --S(O)_(t) NR⁸ R⁹, where t and NR⁸ R⁹ are as defined above;

(5) --(CH₂)_(m) NR⁸ R⁹, where m and NR⁸ R⁹ are as defined above;

(6) --SO₃ H;

(7) ═NOR⁸, where R⁸ is as defined above;

(8) --R³⁹⁹, where R³⁹⁹ is as defined above;

(9) --R⁴⁰⁰, where R⁴⁰⁰ is as defined above;

(10) -aryl; and

(11) --Het.

"Mod-cyclo-C₄ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl", as used herein, refers to a -(cyclo-C₄ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl) group substituted with from one-to-six radicals selected from:

(1) --R⁸, where R⁸ is as defined above;

(2) --(CH₂)_(m) OR⁸, where m and R⁸ are as defined above;

(3) --S(O)_(s) R⁸, where s and R⁸ are as defined above;

(4) --S(O)_(t) NR⁸ R⁹, where t and NR⁸ R⁹ are as defined above;

(5) --(CH₂)_(m) NR⁸ R⁹, where m and NR⁸ R⁹ are as defined above;

(6) --SO₃ H;

(7) ═NOR⁸, where R⁸ is as defined above;

(8) --R³⁹⁹, where R³⁹⁹ is as defined above;

(9) --R⁴⁰⁰, where R⁴⁰⁰ is as defined above;

(10) -aryl; and

(11) --Het.

"Mod-bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl", as used herein, refers to a -(bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl) group substituted with from one-to-six radicals selected from:

(1) --R⁸, where R⁸ is as defined above;

(2) --(CH₂)_(m) OR⁸, where m and R⁸ are as defined above;

(3) --S(O)_(s) R⁸, where s and R⁸ are as defined above;

(4) --S(O)_(t) NR⁸ R⁹, where t and NR⁸ R⁹ are as defined above;

(5) --(CH₂)_(m) NR⁸ R⁹, where m and NR⁸ R⁹ are as defined above;

(6) --SO₃ H;

(7) ═NOR⁸, where R⁸ is as defined above;

(8) --R³⁹⁹, where R³⁹⁹ is as defined above;

(9) --R⁴⁰⁰, where R⁴⁰⁰ is as defined above;

(10) -aryl; and

(11) --Het.

"Mod-bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl", as used herein, refers to a -(bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl) group substituted with from one-to-six radicals selected from:

(1) --R⁸, as defined above;

(2) --(CH₂)_(m) OR⁸, where m and R⁸, are as defined above;

(3) --S(O)_(s) R⁸, where s and R⁸ are as defined above;

(4) --S(O)_(t) NR⁸ R⁹, where t and NR⁸ R⁹ are as defined above;

(5) --(CH₂)_(m) NR⁸ R⁹, where m and NR⁸ R⁹ are as defined above;

(6) --SO₃ H;

(7) ═NOR⁸, where R⁸ is as defined above;

(8) --R³⁹⁹, is as defined above;

(9) --R⁴⁰⁰, is as defined above;

(10) -aryl; and

(11) --Het.

"Mod-Het--", as used herein, refers to a Het group, as defined above, except that the Het group may bear one or more substituents R³⁰², rather than R³⁰¹, where R³⁰² is as defined above or any two adjacent R³⁰² substituents in a di-, tri-, tetra- or penta-substituted mod-Het group may form a 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring consisting of ring carbon atoms and zero, one or two ring heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of --O--, --S(O)_(s) --, where s is as defined above, and --NR¹⁸ --, where R¹⁸ is as defined above.

"Mod-heterocyclic" as used herein, refers to a heterocyclic group, as defined above, except that the heterocyclic group may bear one or more substituents R³⁰², rather than R³⁰¹, where R³⁰² is as defined above or any two adjacent R³⁰² substituents in a di-, tri-, tetra- or penta-substituted mod-heterocylic group may form a 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring consisting of carbon atoms and zero, one or two heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of --O--, --S(O)_(s) --, where s is as defined above, and --NR¹⁸ --, where R¹⁸ is as defined above.

"Monoalkylamino" and "dialkylamino" refer respectively to one and two alkyl groups, as defined above, except that they are appended to the remainder of the molecule via an amino group. Examples include, but are not limited to, methylamino, isopropylamino, dimethylamino, N,N-methylisopropylamino, and the like.

"Monocycloalkylamino" and "dicycloalkylamino" refer respectively to one and two cycloalkyl groups, as defined above, except that they are appended to the remainder of the molecule via an amino group. Examples include, but are not limited to, cyclohexylamino, bis-(cyclohexyl)amino, and the like.

"Mono-halogenated alkyl", "di-halogenated alkyl" or "tri-halogenated alkyl" refer to alkyl groups, as defined above, of specified and compatible length, respectively substituted with one, two, or three halogen atoms, as defined above.

"N-alkylcarboxamido" refers to an alkylamino group, as defined above, except that it is appended to the remainder of the molecule via a carbonyl group and has the formula HN(alkyl)C(O)--.

"N-arylcarboxamido" refers to an arylamino group, as defined above, except that it is appended to the remainder of the molecule via a carbonyl group and having the formula HN(aryl)C(O)--.

"Naturally occurring amino acid" and "standard amino acid" refer to an amino acid selected from the group consisting of alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine and valine.

"N,N-dialkylcarboxamido" refers to dialkylamino group, defined above, except that it is appended to the remainder of the molecule via a carbonyl group and has the formula N(alkyl)(alkyl')C(O)--.

"N,N-diarylcarboxamido" refers to two independently selected aryl groups, as defined above, except that they are appended to the remainder of the molecule via a ═NC(O)-- group, exemplified by the formula N(aryl)(aryl)C(O)--.

"N-terminal protecting group" refers to those groups known in the art to protect the N-terminus against undesirable reactions during synthetic procedures or to prevent the attack of exopeptidases on the final compounds or to increase the solubility of the final compounds and includes, but is not limited to acyl, acetyl, pivaloyl, tert-butylacetyl, tert-butloxycarbonyl (Boc), benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz), benzoyl groups, and the like. Other such groups are described by Gross, E. and Meienhofer, J. in The Peptides, Volume 3; Academic Press, 1981.

"Oxo" refers to an oxygen atom forming a carbonyl group.

"Per-halogenated alkyl" refers to alkyl groups, as defined above, of specified length, substituted with halogen atoms, as defined above, at every available valency.

"Qualified-aryl" as used herein refers to substituted and unsubstituted carbocyclic aromatic groups including, but not limited to, phenyl, 1- or 2-naphthyl, fluorenyl, (1,2)-dihydronaphthyl, (1,2,3,4)-tetrahydronaphthyl, indenyl, indanyl and the like, optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, --(C₁ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl), alkoxy and halosubstituted alkyl.

"Qualified-arylalkyl" refers to a qualified-aryl group, as previously defined, attached to the remainder of the molecule via an alkyl group.

"Sub-C₁ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl", as used herein, refers to a --(C₁ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl) substituted with from one-to-six radicals independently selected from the group consisting of:

(a) R⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;

(b) --(CH₂)_(m) OR⁶, where m and R⁶ are as defined above;

(c) --NR⁶ R⁷, where NR⁶ R⁷ is as defined above;

(d) --C(O)OR⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;

(e) --SO₃ H;

(f) --S(O)_(s) R⁶, where s and R⁶ are as defined above;

(g) --S (O)_(t) NR⁶ R⁷, where t and NR⁶ R⁷ are as defined above;

(h) ═NOR⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;

(i) --R³⁹⁹, where R³⁹⁹ is as defined above;

(j) --R⁴⁰⁰, where R⁴⁰⁰ is as defined above;

(k) -aryl, and

(1) --Het.

"Sub-cyclo-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl", as used herein, refers to a -(cyclo-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl) substituted with from one-to-six radicals independently selected from the group consisting of:

(a) R⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;

(b) --(CH₂)_(m) OR⁶, where m and R⁶ are as defined above;

(c) --NR⁶ R⁷, where NR⁶ R⁷ is as defined above;

(d) --C(O)OR⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;

(e) --SO₃ H;

(f) --S(O)_(s) R⁶, where s and R⁶ are as defined above;

(g) --S(O)_(t) NR⁶ R⁷, where t and NR⁶ R⁷ are as defined above;

(h) ═NOR⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;

(i) --R³⁹⁹, where R³⁹⁹ is as defined above;

(j) --R⁴⁰⁰, where R⁴⁰⁰ is as defined above;

(k) -aryl, and

(l) --Het.

"Sub-cyclo-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl-C₁ -to-C₃ -alkyl", as used herein, refers to a -(cyclo-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl-C₁ -to-C₃ -alkyl) substituted with from one-to-six radicals independently selected from the group consisting of:

(a) R⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;

(b) --(CH₂)_(m) OR⁶, where m and R⁶ are as defined above;

(c) --NR⁶ R⁷, where NR⁶ R⁷ are as defined above;

(d) --C(O)OR⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;

(e) --SO₃ H;

(f) --S(O)_(s) R⁶, where s and R⁶ are as defined above;

(g) --S(O)_(t) NR⁶ R⁷, where t and NR⁶ R⁷ are as defined above;

(h) ═NOR⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;

(i) --R³⁹⁹, where R³⁹⁹ is as defined above;

(j) --R⁴⁰⁰, where R⁴⁰⁰ is as defined above;

(k) -aryl, and

(l) --Het.

"Sub-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl", as used herein, refers to a --(C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl) substituted with from one-to-six radicals independently selected from the group consisting of:

(a) R⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;

(b) --(CH₂)_(m) OR⁶, where m and R⁶ are as defined above;

(c) --NR⁶ R⁷, where NR⁶ R⁷ are as defined above;

(d) --C(O)OR⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;

(e) --SO₃ H;

(f) --S(O)_(s) R⁶, where s and R⁶ are as defined above;

(g) --S(O)_(t) NR⁶ R⁷, where t and NR⁶ R⁷ are as defined above;

(h) ═NOR⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;

(i) --R³⁹⁹, where R³⁹⁹ is as defined above;

(j) --R⁴⁰⁰, where R⁴⁰⁰ is as defined above;

(k) -aryl, and

(l) --Het.

"Sub-cyclo-C₄ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl", as used herein, refers to a -(cyclo-C₄ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl) substituted with from one-to-six radicals independently selected from the group consisting of:

(a) R⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;

(b) --(CH₂)_(m) OR⁶, where m and R⁶ are as defined above;

(c) --NR⁶ R⁷, where NR⁶ R⁷ are as defined above;

(d) --C(O)OR⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;

(e) --SO₃ H;

--S(O)_(s) R⁶, where s and R⁶ are as defined above;

(g) --S(O)_(t) NR⁶ R⁷, where t and NR⁶ R⁷ are as defined above;

(h) ═NOR⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;

(i) --R³⁹⁹, where R³⁹⁹ is as defined above;

(j) --R⁴⁰⁰, where R⁴⁰⁰ is as defined above;

(k) -aryl, and

(l) --Het.

"Sub-cyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl-C₃ -C₅ -alkenyl", as used herein, refers to a -(cyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl-C₃ -C₅ -alkenyl) substituted with from one-to-six radicals independently selected from the group consisting of:

(a) R⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;

(b) --(CH₂)_(m) OR⁶, where m and R⁶ are as defined above;

(c) --NR⁶ R⁷, where NR⁶ R⁷ are as defined above;

(d) --C(O)OR⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;

(e) --SO₃ H;

(f) --S(O)_(s) R⁶, where s and R⁶ are as defined above;

(g) --S(O)_(t) NR⁶ R⁷, where t and NR⁶ R⁷ are as defined above;

(h) ═NOR⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;

(i) --R³⁹⁹, where R³⁹⁹ is as defined above;

(j) --R⁴⁰⁰, where R⁴⁰⁰ is as defined above;

(k) -aryl, and

(l) --Het.

"Sub-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkynyl", as used herein, refers to a --(C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkynyl) substituted with from one-to-six radicals independently selected from the group consisting of:

(a) R⁶, as defined above;

(b) --(CH₂)_(m) OR⁶, where m and R⁶ are as defined above;

(c) --NR⁶ R⁷, as defined above;

(d) --C(O)OR⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;

(e) --SO₃ H;

(f) --S(O)_(s) R⁶, where s and R⁶ are as defined above;

(g) --S(O)_(t) NR⁶ R⁷, where t and NR⁶ R⁷ are as defined above;

(h) ═NOR⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;

(i) --R³⁹⁹, as defined above;

(j) --R⁴⁰⁰, as defined above;

(k) -aryl, and

(l) --Het.

"Sub-cyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl-C₃ -C₅ -alkynyl", as used herein, refers to a -(cyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl-C₃ -C₅ -alkynyl) substituted with from one-to-six radicals independently selected from the group consisting of:

(a) R⁶, as defined above;

(b) --(CH₂)_(m) OR⁶, where m and R⁶ are as defined above;

(c) --NR⁶ R⁷, as defined above;

(d) --C(O)OR⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;

(e) --SO₃ H;

(f) --S(O)_(s) R⁶, where s and R⁶ are as defined above;

(g) --S(O)_(t) NR⁶ R⁷, where t and NR⁶ R⁷ are as defined above;

(h) ═NOR⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;

(i) --R³⁹⁹, is as defined above;

(j) --R⁴⁰⁰, is as defined above;

(k) -aryl, and

(l) --Het.

"Sub-bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl", as used herein, refers to a -(bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl) substituted with from one-to-six radicals independently selected from the group consisting of:

(a) R⁶, as defined above;

(b) --(CH₂)_(m) OR⁶, where m and R⁶ are as defined above;

(c) --NR⁶ R⁷, as defined above;

(d) --C(O)OR⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;

(e) --SO₃ H;

(f) --S(O)_(s) R⁶, where s and R⁶ are as defined above;

(g) --S(O)_(t) NR⁶ R⁷, where t and NR⁶ R⁷ are as defined above;

(h) ═NOR⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;

(i) --R³⁹⁹, where R³⁹⁹ is as defined above;

(j) --R⁴⁰⁰, where R⁴⁰⁰ is as defined above;

(k) -aryl, and

(l) --Het.

"Sub-bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl", as used herein, refers to a -(bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl) substituted with from one-to-six radicals independently selected from the group consisting of:

(a) R⁶, as defined above;

(b) --(CH₂)_(m) OR⁶, where m and R⁶ are as defined above;

(c) --NR⁶ R⁷, as defined above;

(d) --C(O)OR⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;

(e) --SO₃ H;

(f) --S(O)_(s) R⁶, where s and R⁶ are as defined above;

(g) --S(O)_(t) NR⁶ R⁷, where t and NR⁶ R⁷ are as defined above;

(h) ═NOR⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;

(i) --R³⁹⁹, is as defined above;

(j) --R⁴⁰⁰, is as defined above;

(k) -aryl, and

(l) --Het.

"Substituted-bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl", as used herein, refers to a -(bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl) group substituted with from one-to-three radicals selected from:

halogen; --OH; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)NH--; di(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)N--; --CO₂ H; --CONH₂ ; --SH; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)S--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)O--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)--; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)---; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)NH--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)C(O)NH--; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)NH--; mod-aryl-OC(O)NH--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)CO-guanidino; mod-aryl-(SO₂)-guanidino; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)-guanidino; H₂ N--; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)-guanidino; mod-aryl-OC(O)-guanidino; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)NHC(O)--; di(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)NC(O)--; mod-aryl-NHCO--; di(mod-aryl)NCO--; --OSO₂ R¹¹ ; oxo; epoxy; mod-aryl-O--; mod-aryl-S--; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)O--; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)-S--; mod-Het--O--; mod-Het--S--; mod-Het--(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)O; mod-Het--(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)S--; mod-aryl; mod-Het--; --SO₃ H; --S(O)_(t) NH₂ ; --S(O)_(t) NHR¹¹ ; --S(O)_(t) NR¹¹ R¹¹, where both R¹¹ 's are independently selected; and --S(O)_(s) R¹¹ ; wherein guanidino, mod-aryl, oxo, epoxy, mod-Het--, s, t and R¹¹ are as defined above.

"Substituted-bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl", as used herein, refers to a -(bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl) group substituted with from one-to-three radicals selected from:

halogen; --OH; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)NH--; di(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)N--; --CO₂ H; --CONH₂ ; --SH; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)S--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)O--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)--;mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)NH--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)C(O)NH--; mod-aryl-C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)NH--; mod-aryl-OC(O)NH--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)CO-guanidino; mod-aryl-(SO₂)-guanidino; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)-guanidino; H₂ N--; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)-guanidino; mod-aryl-OC(O)-guanidino; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)NHC(O)--; di(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)NC(O)--; mod-aryl-NHCO--; di(mod-aryl)NCO--; --OSO₂ R¹¹ ; oxo; epoxy; mod-aryl-O--; mod-aryl-S--; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)O--; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)-S--; mod-Het--O--; mod-Het--S--; mod-Het--(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)O; mod-Het--(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)S--; mod-aryl; mod-Het--; --SO₃ H; --S(O)_(t) NH₂ ; --S(O)_(t) NHR¹¹ ; --S(O)_(t) NR¹¹ R¹¹, where both R¹¹ 's are independently selected; and --S(O)_(s) R¹¹ ; wherein guanidino, mod-aryl, oxo, epoxy, mod-Het--, s, t and R¹¹ are as defined above.

"Substituted-C₃ -to-C₆ -alkenyl", as used herein, refers to a -(C₃ -to-C₆ -alkenyl) group substituted with from one-to-three radicals selected from:

halogen; --OH; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)NH--; di(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)N--; --CO₂ H; --CONH₂ ; --SH; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)S--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)O--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)--;mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)NH--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)C(O)NH--; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)NH--; mod-aryl-OC(O)NH--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)CO-guanidino; mod-aryl-(SO₂)-guanidino; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)-guanidino; H₂ N--; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)-guanidino; mod-aryl-OC(O)-guanidino; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)NHC(O)--; di(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)NC(O)--; mod-aryl-NHCO--; di(mod-aryl)NCO--; --OSO₂ R¹¹ ; oxo; epoxy; mod-aryl-O--; mod-aryl-S--; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)O--; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)-S--; mod-Het--O--; mod-Het--S--; mod-Het--(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)O; mod-Het--(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)S--; mod-aryl; mod-Het--; --SO₃ H; --S(O)_(t) NH₂ ; --S(O)_(t) NHR¹¹ ; --S(O)_(t) NR¹¹ R¹¹, where both R¹¹ 's are independently selected; and --S(O)_(s) R¹¹ ; wherein guanidino, mod-aryl, oxo, epoxy, mod-Het--, s, t and R¹¹ are as defined above.

"Substituted-C₁ -to-C₆ -alkyl", as used herein, refers to a -(C₁ -to-C₆ -alkyl) group substituted with from one-to-three radicals selected from:

halogen; --OH; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)NH--; di(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)N--; --CO₂ H; --CONH₂ ; --SH; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)S--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)O--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)--;mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)NH--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)C(O)NH--; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)NH--; mod-aryl-OC(O)NH--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)CO-guanidino; mod-aryl-(SO₂)-guanidino; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)-guanidino; H₂ N--; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)-guanidino; mod-aryl-OC(O)-guanidino; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)NHC(O)--; di(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)NC(O)--; mod-aryl-NHCO--; di(mod-aryl)NCO--; --OSO₂ R¹¹ ; oxo; epoxy; mod-aryl-O--; mod-aryl-S--; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)O--; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)-S--; mod-Het--O--; mod-Het--S--; mod-Het--(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)O; mod-Het--(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)S--; mod-aryl; mod-Het--; --SO₃ H; --S(O)_(t) NH₂ ; --S(O)_(t) NHR¹¹ ; --S(O)_(t) NR¹¹ R¹¹, where both R¹¹ 's are independently selected; and --S(O)_(s) R¹¹ ; wherein guanidino, mod-aryl, oxo, epoxy, mod-Het--, s, t and R¹¹ are as defined above.

"Substituted-C₃ -to-C₆ -alkynyl", as used herein, refers to a --(C₃ -to-C₆ -alkynyl) group substituted with from one-to-three radicals selected from:

halogen; --OH; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)NH--; di(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)N--; --CO₂ H; --CONH₂ ; --SH; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)S--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)O--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)--;mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)--; C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)NH--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)C(O)NH--; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)NH--; mod-aryl-OC(O)NH--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)CO-guanidino; mod-aryl-(SO₂)-guanidino; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)-guanidino; H₂ N-; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)-guanidino; mod-aryl-OC(O)-guanidino; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)NHC(O)--; di(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)NC(O)--; mod-aryl-NHCO--; di(mod-aryl)NCO--; --OSO₂ R¹¹ ; oxo; epoxy; mod-aryl-O--; mod-aryl-S--; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)O--; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)-S--; mod-Het--O--; mod-Het--S--; mod-Het--(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)O; mod-Het--(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)S--; mod-aryl; mod-Het--; --SO₃ H; --S(O)_(t) NH₂ ; --S(O)_(t) NHR¹¹ ; --S(O)_(t) NR¹¹ R¹¹, where both R¹¹ 's are independently selected; and --S(O)_(s) R¹¹ ; wherein guanidino, mod-aryl, oxo, epoxy, mod-Het--, s, t and R¹¹ are as defined above.

"Substituted-cyclo-C₄ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl", as used herein, refers to a -(cyclo-C₄ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl) group substituted with from one-to-three radicals selected from:

halogen; --OH; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)NH--; di(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)N--; --CO₂ H; --CONH₂ ; --SH; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)S--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)O--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)--;mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)NH--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)C(O)NH--; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)NH--; mod-aryl-OC(O)NH--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)CO-guanidino; mod-aryl-(SO₂)-guanidino; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)-guanidino; H₂ N--; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)-guanidino; mod-aryl-OC(O)-guanidino; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)NHC(O)--; di(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)NC(O)--; mod-aryl-NHCO--; di(mod-aryl)NCO--; --OSO₂ R¹¹ ; oxo; epoxy; mod-aryl-O--; mod-aryl-S--; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)O--; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)-S--; mod-Het--O--; mod-Het--S--; mod-Het--(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)O; mod-Het--(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)S--; mod-aryl; mod-Het--; --SO₃ H; --S(O)_(t) NH₂ ; --S(O)_(t) NHR¹¹ ; --S(O)_(t) NR¹¹ R¹¹, where both R¹¹ 's are independently selected; and --S(O)_(s) R¹¹ ; wherein guanidino, mod-aryl, oxo, epoxy, mod-Het--, s, t and R¹¹ are as defined above.

"Substituted-cyclo-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl", as used herein, refers to a -(cyclo-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl) group substituted with from one-to-three radicals selected from:

halogen; --OH; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)NH--; di(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)N--; --CO₂ H; --CONH₂ ; --SH; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)S--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)O--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)--;mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)NH--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)C(O)NH--; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)NH--; mod-aryl-OC(O)NH--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)CO-guanidino; mod-aryl-(SO₂)-guanidino; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)-guanidino; H₂ N--; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)-guanidino; mod-aryl-OC(O)-guanidino; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)NHC(O)--; di(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)NC(O)--; mod-aryl-NHCO--; di(mod-aryl)NCO--; --OSO₂ R¹¹ ; oxo; epoxy; mod-aryl-O--; mod-aryl-S--; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)O--; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)-S--; mod-Het--O--; mod-Het--S--; mod-Het--(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)O; mod-Het--(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)S--; mod-aryl; mod-Het--; --SO₃ H; --S(O)_(t) NH₂ ; S(O)_(t) NHR¹¹ ; --S(O)_(t) NR¹¹ R¹¹, where both R¹¹ 's are independently selected; and --S(O)_(s) R¹¹ ; wherein guanidino, mod-aryl, oxo, epoxy, mod-Het--, s, t and R¹¹ are as defined above.

"Substituted-bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl-C₁ -to-C₆ -alkyl", as used herein, refers to a -(bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl)-C₁ -to-C₆ -alkyl group substituted with from one-to-three radicals selected from:

halogen; --OH; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)NH--; di(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)N--; --CO₂ H; --CONH₂ ; --SH; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)S--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)O--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)--;mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)NH--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)C(O)NH--; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)NH--; mod-aryl-OC(O)NH--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)CO-guanidino; mod-aryl-(SO₂)-guanidino; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)-guanidino; H₂ N--; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)-guanidino; mod-aryl-OC(O)-guanidino; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)NHC(O)--; di(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)NC(O)--; mod-aryl-NHCO--; di(mod-aryl)NCO--; --OSO₂ R¹¹ ; oxo; epoxy; mod-aryl-O--; mod-aryl-S--; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)O--; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)-S--; mod-Het--O--; mod-Het--S--; mod-Het--(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)O; mod-Het--(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)S--; mod-aryl; mod-Het--; --SO₃ H; --S(O)_(t) NH₂ ; --S(O)_(t) NHR¹¹ ; S(O)_(t) NR¹¹ R¹¹, where both R¹¹ 's are independently selected; and --S(O)_(s) R¹¹ ; wherein guanidino, mod-aryl, oxo, epoxy, mod-Het--, s, t and R¹¹ are as defined above.

"Thioalkoxyalkyl" refers to a thioalkoxy group, as defined above, except that it is attached to the remainder of the molecule via an alkyl group.

"Thiolalkyl" refers to an alkyl group, as defined above, substituted with an --SH group.

"Thiooxo" refers to a sulfur atom forming a thiocarbonyl group.

"Unsubstituted aryl" refers to mono-, di-, tri- or tetracyclic aromatic groups, charged or uncharged, the rings of which are comprised of from 3-to-7 carbon atoms. Examples of unsubstituted aryl include, but are not limited to, phenyl, 1- or 2-naphthyl, azulenyl, fluorenyl, (1, 2)-dihydronaphthyl, (1, 2, 3, 4)-tetrahydronaphthyl, indenyl, indanyl and the like, which are solely substituted by hydrogen.

"Pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, esters, amides and prodrugs" refers to those carboxylate salts, amino acid addition salts, esters, amides and prodrugs of the compounds of the present invention which are, within the scope of sound medical judgement, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or the like, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, and effective for their intended use, as well as the zwitterionic forms, where possible, of the compounds of the invention. The term "salts" refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic acid addition salts of compounds of the present invention, which may be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds or by separately reacting the purified compound in its free base form with a suitable organic or inorganic acid and isolating the salt thus formed. Representative salts include the hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, nitrate, acetate, oxalate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, borate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, naphthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactiobionate and laurylsulphonate salts and the like. These may include cations based on the alkali and alkaline earth metals, such as sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and the like, as well as nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium and amine cations including, but not limited to, ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, ethylamine, and the like (see, for example S. M. Berge, et al., "Pharmaceutical Salts," J. Pharm. Sci., 66:1-19 (1977)).

Examples of pharmaceutically-acceptable, non-toxic esters of the compounds of this invention include C₁ -to-C₆ -alkyl esters wherein the alkyl group is a straight or branched chain. Acceptable esters also include C₅ -to-C₇ -cycloalkyl esters as well as arylalkyl esters such as, but not limited to benzyl. C₁ -to-C₄ alkyl esters are preferred. Esters of the compounds of the present invention may be prepared according to conventional methods. Conversely, non-toxic esters of alcoholic moieties on the compounds of the invention may be constructed by condensing these alcohols with C₁ -to-C₆ -alkyl carboxylic acids, C₁ -to-C₆ -alkyl dicarboxylic acids or aryl-carboxylic acids. Examples of such esters include, but are not limited to acetyl, benzoyl or hemi-succinyl.

Examples of pharmaceutically-acceptable, non-toxic amides of the compounds of this invention include amides derived from ammonia, primary C₁ -to-C₆ -alkyl amines and secondary di-C₁ -to-C₆ -alkyl amines. In the case of secondary amines the amine may also be in the form of a 5-or- 6 membered heterocycle containing one nitrogen atom. Amides derived from ammonia, C₁ -to-C₃ -alkyl primary amides and di-C₁ -to-C₂ -alkyl secondary amides are preferred. Amides of the compounds of the invention may be prepared according to conventional methods.

"Prodrug" refers to compounds that are rapidly transformed in vivo to yield the parent compound of the above formula, for example, by hydrolysis in blood. A thorough discussion is provided in T. Higuchi and V. Stella, "Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems", Vol 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series, and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, ed. Edward B. Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987.

Prodrugs of compounds of the present invention may be prepared by suitable methods. For those compounds in which the prodrug moiety is an amino acid or peptide functionality, the condensation of the drug's amino group with amino acids and peptides may be effected in accordance with conventional condensation methods such as the azide method, the mixed acid anhydride method, the DCC (dicyclohexylcarbodiimide) method, the active ester method (p-nitrophenyl ester method, N-hydroxysuccinic acid imide ester method, cyanomethyl ester method and the like), the Woodward reagent K method, the DCC-HOBT (1-hydroxy-benzotriazole) method and the like. Classical methods for amino acid condensation reactions are described in "Peptide Synthesis" Second Edition, M. Bodansky, Y. S. Klausner and M. A. Ondetti (1976).

As in conventional peptide synthesis, branched chain amino and carboxyl groups at alpha and omega positions in amino acids may be protected and deprotected if necessary. The protecting groups for amino groups which can be used involve, for example, benzyloxycarbonyl (Z or Cbz), o-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl ((2-Cl)Z)), p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl (Z(NO₂)), p-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl (Z(OMe)), t-amyloxycarbonyl (Aoc), isobornealoxycarbonyl, adamantyloxycarbonyl (Adoc), 2-(4-biphenyl)-2-propyloxy carbonyl (Bpoc), 9-fluorenyl-methoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), methylsulfonylethoxy carbonyl (Msc), trifluoroacetyl, phthalyl, formyl, 2-nitrophenylsulfonyl (Nps), diphenylphosphinothioyl (Ppt), dimethylphosphino-thioyl (Mpt), and the like.

The examples for protecting groups for carboxyl groups involve, for example, benzyl ester (OBzl), cyclohexyl ester, 4-nitrobenzyl ester (OBzlNO₂), t-butyl ester (OtBu), 4-pyridylmethyl ester (OPic), and the like.

In the course of the synthesis of certain of the compounds of the present invention, specific amino acids having functional groups other than amino and carboxyl groups in the branched chain such as arginine, cysteine, serine and the like may be protected, if necessary, with suitable protecting groups. It is preferable that, for example, the guanidino group (NG) in arginine may be protected with nitro, p-toluenesulfonyl (Tos), benzyloxycarbonyl (Z), adamantyloxycarbonyl (Adoc), p-methoxybenzenesulfonyl, 4-methoxy-2,6-dimethylbenzenesulfonyl (Mts) and the like; the thiol group in cysteine may be protected with benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl, triphenylmethyl, acetamidomethyl, ethylcarbamyl, 4-methylbenzyl (4-MeBzl), 2,4,6-trimethylbenzyl (Tmb) and the like; and the hydroxy group in serine may be protected with benzyl (Bzl), t-butyl, acetyl, tetrahydropyranyl (THP), and the like.

Numerous asymmetric centers exist in the compounds of the present invention. Except where otherwise noted, the present invention contemplates the various stereoisomers and mixtures thereof.

The potent immunomodulatory activity which compounds of the instant invention demonstrate, in common in vitro biological assays, indicate that these compounds possess immunosuppressive, antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antiinflammatory, and antiproliferative activity, and possess the ability to reverse chemotherapeutic drug resistance. While the compounds of the invention would be useful when used alone, combination therapy with other immunosuppressants, such as, FK506, rapamycin, cyclosporin A, picibanil, mycophenolic acid, azathioprine, prednisolone, cyclophosphamide, brequinar and leflunomide, would also be expected to be beneficial.

As immunosuppressants, the compounds of the present invention are useful when administered for the prevention immune-mediated tissue or organ graft rejection. Examples of transplanted tissues and organs which suffer from these effects are heart, kidney, liver, lung, small-bowel, and the like. The regulation of the immune response by the compounds of the invention would also find utility in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, type I diabetes, uveitis, allergic encephalomyelitis, glomerulonephritis, and the like.

Further uses include the treatment and prophylaxis of inflammatory and hyperproliferative skin diseases and cutaneous manifestations of immunologically-mediated illnesses, such as psoriasis, atopical dermatitis, and Epidermolysis bullosa. Further instances where a compound of the invention would be useful include various eye diseases (autoimmune and otherwise) such as ocular pemphigus, Scleritis, and Graves' opthalmopathy, etc.

Other treatable conditions would include but are not limited to intestinal inflammations/allergies such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis; renal diseases such as interstitial nephritis; skin diseases such as dermatomyositis; hematic diseases such as aplastic anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia; circulatory diseases such as myocardosis; collagen diseases such as Wegener's granuloma; nephrotic syndrome such as glomerulonephritis; Pyoderma; Behcet's disease such as intestinal-, vasculo- or neuro-Behcet's disease, and also Behcet's which affects the oral cavity, skin, eye, vulva, articulation, epididymis, lung, kidney and so on. Furthermore, the compounds of the invention are useful for the treatment and prevention of hepatic disease such as immunogenic diseases (for example, chronic autoimmune liver diseases such as the group consisting of autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis and sclerosing cholangitis), partial liver resection, acute liver necrosis (e.g., necrosis caused by toxin, viral hepatitis, shock or anoxia).

Aqueous liquid compositions of the present invention may be particularly useful for the treatment and prevention of various diseases of the eye such as autoimmune diseases (including, for example, conical cornea, keratitis, dysophia epithelialis corneae, leukoma, Mooren's ulcer, sclevitis and Graves' ophthalmopathy) and rejection of corneal transplantation.

When used in the above or other treatments, a therapeutically-effective amount of one of the compounds of the present invention, meaning a sufficient amount of the compound to treat a particular disorder, at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, may be employed in pure form or, where such forms exist, in pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug form. Alternatively, the compound may be administered as pharmaceutical compositions containing the compound of interest in combination with one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients. It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the compounds and compositions of the present invention will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgement.

The specific therapeutically-effective dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; activity of the specific compound employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specific compound employed; and like factors well known in the medical arts. For example, it is well within the skill of the art to start doses of the compound at levels lower than required to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and to gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved.

The total daily dose of the compounds of this invention administered to a human or lower animal may range from about 0.001 to about 10 mg/kg of patients body mass/day. For purposes of oral administration, more preferable doses may be in the range of from about 0.005 to about 3 mg/kg/day. If desired, the effective daily dose may be divided into multiple doses for purposes of administration; consequently, single dose compositions may contain such amounts or submultiples thereof to make up the daily dose.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprise a compound of the invention and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carder or excipient, meaning a non-toxic solid, semi-solid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type, which may be administered orally, rectally, parenterally, intracisiernally, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, topically (as by powders, ointments, drops or transdermal patch), bucally, or as an oral or nasal spray. The term "parenteral" as used herein refers to modes of administration which include intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intrasternal, subcutaneous and intraarticular injection and infusion.

Pharmaceutical compositions of this invention for parenteral injection comprise pharmaceutically-acceptable sterile aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, as well as sterile powders for reconstitution into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use. Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers, diluents, solvents or vehicles include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), carboxymethylcellulose and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils (such as olive oil), and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity may be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.

These compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preservative, wetting agents, emulsifying agents, and dispersing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms may be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like, Prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay absorption, such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

In some cases, in order to prolong the effect of the drug, it is desirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle.

Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the drug in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide, poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depending upon the ratio of drug to polymer and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions which are compatible with body tissues.

The injectable formulations may be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium just prior to use.

Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the active compound is mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically-acceptable excipient or carrier, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone, sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants such as glycerol, d) disintegrating agents such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate, h) absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay, and i) lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage form may also comprise buffering agents.

Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.

The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules may be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.

The active compounds can also be in micro-encapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the above-mentioned excipients.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically-acceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active compounds, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethyl formamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.

Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.

Suspensions may contain, in addition to the active compounds, suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar, and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.

Topical administration includes administration to the skin or mucosa, including surfaces of the lung and eye. Compositions for topical administration, including those for inhalation, may be prepared as a dry powder which may be pressurized or non-pressurized. In non-pressurized powder compositions, the active ingredient in finely divided form may be used in admixture with a larger-sized pharmaceutically-acceptable inert carrier comprising particles having a size, for example, of up to 100 micrometers in diameter. Suitable inert carriers include sugars such as lactose. Desirably, at least 95% by weight of the particles of the active ingredient have an effective particle size in the range of 0.01 to 10 micrometers.

Alternatively, the composition may be pressurized and contain a compressed gas, such as nitrogen or a liquefied gas propellant. The liquefied propellant medium and indeed the total composition is preferably such that the active ingredient does not dissolve therein to any substantial extent. The pressurized composition may also contain a surface active agent, such as a liquid or solid non-ionic surface active agent or may be a solid anionic surface active agent. It is preferred to use the solid anionic surface active agent in the form of a sodium salt.

A further form of topical administration is to the eye, as for the treatment of immune-mediated conditions of the eye such as automimmue diseases, allergic or inflammatory conditions, and corneal transplants. The compound of the invention is delivered in a pharmaceutically acceptable ophthalmic vehicle, such that the compound is maintained in contact with the ocular surface for a sufficient time period to allow the compound to penetrate the corneal and internal regions of the eye, as for example the anterior chamber, posterior chamber, vitreous body, aqueous humor, vitreous humor, cornea, iris/ciliary, lens, choroid/retina and sclera. The pharmaceutically-acceptable ophthalmic vehicle may, for example, be an ointment, vegetable oil or an encapsulating material.

Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are preferably suppositories which may be prepared by mixing the compounds of this invention with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at room temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.

Compounds of the present invention may also be administered in the form of liposomes. As is known in the art, liposomes are generally derived from phospholipids or other lipid substances. Liposomes are formed by mono- or multi-lamellar hydrated liquid crystals that are dispersed in an aqueous medium. Any non-toxic, physiologically-acceptable and metabolizable lipid capable of forming liposomes can be used. The present compositions in liposome form can contain, in addition to a compound of the present invention, stabilizers, preservatives, excipients, and the like. The preferred lipids are the phospholipids and the phosphatidyl cholines (lecithins), both natural and synthetic. Methods to form liposomes are known in the art. See, for example, Prescott, Ed., Methods in Cell Biology, Volume XIV, Academic Press, New York, N.Y. (1976), p. 33 et seq.

The compounds of the invention may be prepared using one or more processes. The starting materials for use in these processes are preferably one of the macrolides isolated from culture media obtained in accordance with known methods by fermentation of microorganisms of the genus Streptomyces, which are disclosed in European Patent Application No. 0184162. Samples are available from the Fermentation Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan under the provisions of the Budapest. Treaty, under deposit No. FERM BP-927. This strain has been redeposited on Apr. 27, 1989 with the Agricultural Research Culture Collection International Depository, Peoria, Ill. 61604, USA under the provisions of the Budapest Treaty, under deposit No. NRRL 18488. The macrolide FR-900520 (European Patent Application 0184162), also known as ascomycin, may be prepared in accordance to the published methods of (i) H. Hatanaka, M. Iwami, T. Kino, T. Goto and M. Okuhara, FR-900520 and FR-900523, Novel immunosuppressants isolated from A streptomyces. I. Taxonomy of the producing strain. J. Antibiot., 1988. XLI(11), 1586-1591; (ii) H. Hatanaka, T. Kino, S. Miyata, N. Inamura, A. Kuroda, T. Goto, H. Tanaka and M. Okuhara, FR-900520 and FR-900523, Novel immunosuppressants isolated from A streptomyces. II. Fermentation, isolation and physico-chemical and biological characteristics. J. Antibiot., 1988. XLI(11), 1592-1601; (iii) T. Arai, Y. Koyama, T. Suenaga and H. Honda, Ascomycin, An Antifungal Antibiotic. J. Antibiot., 1962. 15(231-2); and (iv) T. Arai in U.S. Pat. No. 3,244,592. One or more of the processes discussed below may be then employed to produce the desired compound of the invention.

Such processes comprise:

(a) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a CH--OLg group, by selective activation of a selected CH--OH group in a corresponding compound wherein --OLg is a leaving group which is easily displaced by nucleophilic attack;

(b) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a CH--N₃ group, by selective displacement of an --OLg group in a corresponding compound;

(c) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a CH--NH₂ group, by selective reduction of a CH--N₃ group in a corresponding compound;

(d) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a R'--NR"COR group, by selective acylation of a R'--NR"H group in a corresponding compound wherein R is selected from hydrogen, aryl, arylalkyl, alkyl, Het, heterocyclic, heterocyclic-alkyl, cycloalkyl, and cycloalkylalkyl such that R' and/or R" represent(s) a radical derived from Formula I; or R' and R" are R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ respectively, as defined above, and R represent(s) a radical derived from formula I;

(e) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a CH--NR¹ R² group, by selective alkylation of a CH--NH₂ group in a corresponding compound wherein R¹ and R² are independently selected from hydrogen, aryl, arylalkyl, alkyl, heterocyclic, heterocyclic alkyl, Het, Het-alkyl, cycloalkyl, and cycloalkylalkyl;

(f) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a CH--NHC(O)NH--R¹⁴ group, by selective urea or thiourea formation from a CH--NH₂ group in a corresponding compound, wherein R¹⁴ is as defined above; or

producing a compound of formula I, which contains a CH--NHC(O)NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ group, wherein R¹⁴ an R¹⁵ are as defined above, by selective formation of a CH--N═C═O group, and addition of an amine HNR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ;

(g) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a CH--NH--SO₂ R group, by selective sulfonylation of a CH--NH₂ group in a corresponding compound wherein R is selected from aryl, arylalkyl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, Het, Het-alkyl, heterocyclic alkyl and heterocyclic;

(h) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a CH--NH--C(═O)OR group, by selective carbamate formation from a selected CH--NH₂ group in a corresponding compound wherein R is selected from aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl alkyl, alkyl, heterocyclic alkyl, Het, Het-alkyl, heterocyclic and arylalkyl;

(i) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a CH--NH--C(═NH)NH₂ group, by selective guanidinium formation from a CH--NH₂ group in a corresponding compound;

(j) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a CH--NH--SR group, by selective sulfenylation of a CH--NH₂ group in a corresponding compound wherein R is selected from aryl, arylalkyl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclic alkyl and Het, Het-alkyl, heterocyclic;

(k) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a CH--X group, by selective halogenation of a CH--OH group in a corresponding compound wherein X is selected from chlorine, bromine, fluorine and iodine;

(l) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a CH--P(O)(OR)₂ group, by selective phosphonic acid ester formation of a CH--X group in a corresponding compound wherein R is independently selected from alkyl, arylalkyl, and aryl;

(m) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a CH--O--P(O)(OR)₂ group, by selective phosphorylation of a CH--OH group in a corresponding compound wherein R is independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, arylalkyl, and aryl;

(n) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a CH--S--R group, by selective thioether formation from a CH--OH group in a corresponding compound wherein R is selected from cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl alkyl, Het, Het-alkyl, heterocyclic, heterocylic alkyl, alkyl, arylalkyl, and aryl;

(o) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a CH--O--C(═S)--OR group, by selective aryl- or alkyloxythiocarbonylation of a CH--OH group in a corresponding compound wherein R is selected from cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl alkyl, Het, Het-alkyl, heterocyclic, heterocylic alkyl, alkyl, arylalkyl, and aryl;

(p) producing a compound of formula I, which contains one or more CH--O--R groups, by selective ether formation of one or more CH--OH groups in a corresponding compound wherein R is selected from cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, Her, Het-alkyl, heterocyclic, (heterocylic)alkyl, (heterocyclic)alkenyl, (heterocyclic)alkynyl, alkyl, arylalkyl, aryl, loweralkoxycarbonylalkyl, arylalkoxycarbonylalkyl, arylalkylcarbonylalkyl, trialkylsilylcarbonylalkyl, trialkylstannylcarbonylalkyl, amidocarbonylalkyl, alkylamidocarbonylalkyl, dialkylamidocarbonylalkyl, arylamidocarbonylalkyl and heterocyclicamidocarbonylalkyl;

(q) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a CH-- (substituted)phthalimide group, by selective cyclic imide formation using a CH--NH₂ group in a corresponding compound;

(t) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a CH₂ group, by selective deoxygenation of a CH--O--C(═S)--OR group in a corresponding compound;

(u) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a C(OH)═CH--C(═O) or a C(═O)--CH₂ --C(═O) group, by selective oxidation of a CH(OH)--CH₂ --C(═O) group in a corresponding compound;

(v) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a C(═O)--CR₁ R₂ --C(═O) group, by selective alkylation of a C(OH)═CH--C(═O) or a C(═O)--CH₂ --C(═O) group in a corresponding compound, wherein R₁ and R₂ are independently selected from hydrogen, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl alkyl, alkyl, heterocyclic alkyl, Het, heterocyclic and arylalkyl, but both cannot be hydrogen;

(w) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a C(═O)--CX₁ X₂ --C(═O) group, by selective halogenation of a C(OH)═CH--C(═O) or a C(═O)--CH₂ --C(═O) group in a corresponding compound wherein X₁ and X₂ are independently selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine;

(x) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a C(═O)--CH(OH)--C(═O) group, by selective oxidation of a C(OH)═CH--C(═O) or a C(═O)--CH₂ --C(═O) group in a corresponding compound;

(aa) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a C(═CH--R)--CH₂ --C(═O) group, by selective halogenation of a C(OH)═CH--C(═O) or a C(═O)--CH₂ --C(═O) group in a corresponding compound wherein R is selected from alkyl, aryl and arylalkyl;

(bb) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a C(OCOR)═CH--C(═O) group, by selective O-acylation of a C(OH)═CH--C(═O) or a C(═O)--CH₂ --C(═O) group in a corresponding compound wherein R is selected from aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl alkyl, alkyl, heterocyclic alkyl, Het, Het-alkyl, heterocyclic and arylalkyl;

(cc) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a C(NH--R)═CH--C(═O) group, by selective amination of a C(OH)═CH--C(═O) or a C(═O)--CH₂ --C(═O) group in a corresponding compound wherein R is selected from alkylamine, arylalkylamine, arylamine and amino acid derivative;

(dd) producing a compound of formula I, which contains C(O)--C(═CH--R)--C(═O) group, by selective alkylidene formation of a C(OH)═CH--C(═O) or a C(═O)--CH₂ --C(═O) group in a corresponding compound wherein R is selected from hydrogen, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl alkyl, alkyl, heterocyclic alkyl, Het, Het-alkyl, heterocyclic and arylalkyl;

(ee) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a carbon-carbon double bond, by elimination of HL from a corresponding compound, where L is a leaving group;

(ff) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a quinoxaline, benzoquinoxaline, pyrazino 2,3-d!pyridazine, pyrido 3,4-b!pyrazine, or a pteridine by condensation of a 1,2-dicarbonyl or masked 1,2-dicarbonyl groups of a corresponding compound with an appropriate aromatic diamine;

(gg) producing a compound of formula I, which contains one or more hydroxyl groups, by selective reduction of one or more C═O groups of a corresponding compound;

(hh) producing a compound of formula I, which contains one dihydrobenzo 1,5!thiazepine, by reaction of an alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone of a corresponding compound with an appropriate 2-aminothiophenol;

(ii) producing a compound of formula I, which contains one or more carbonyl groups, by selective oxidation of one or more hydroxyl groups of a corresponding compound;

(jj) producing a compound of formula I, by selective reaction of one of the carbonyl groups of a corresponding compound and dithiols;

(kk) producing a compound of formula I, which contains an oxime group, by selective reaction of one of the carbonyl groups of a corresponding compound with hydroxyl amine or O-alkylated hydroxyl amines;

(ll) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a pyrazole system, by condensation of a 1,3-dicarbonyl group of a corresponding compound and appropriate hydrazines;

(mm) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a substituted pyrimidine system, by condensation of the 1,3-dicarbonyl group of a corresponding compound with appropriate amidines, guanidines, isoureas, ureas and thioureas;

(nn) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a furan system, by reaction of the 1,3-dicarbonyl group of a corresponding compound with appropriate diazoacetic esters or diazomethyl ketones;

(oo) producing a compound of formula I, which contains an isoxazole system, by condensation of the 1,3-dicarbonyl group of a corresponding compound with hydroxyl amine;

(pp) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a pyridine system, by condensation of the 1,3-dicarbonyl group of a corresponding compound with appropriate malonic acid derivatives or cyanoacetic acid derivatives;

(qq) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a benzo 1,5!thiazepine, benzo 1,5!oxazepine or benzo 1,5!diazepine system, by condensation of the 1,3-dicarbonyl group of a corresponding compound with appropriate 2-aminothiophenols, 2-aminophenols, and 1,2-aromatic diamines;

(rr) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a keto-substituted furan system, by reaction of the 1,3-dicarbonyl group of a corresponding compound with appropriate aldehydes, and enol ethers;

(ss) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a substituted phenyl group, by C-arylation of a 1,3-dicarbonyl group of a corresponding compound with appropriate 1-halo-2-nitro-aromatics;

(uu) producing a compounds of formula I, which contains a 2-isoxazoline, by nitrile oxide 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to an enone;

(zz) producing a compound of formula I, which contain either a beta-hydroxy ketone or an alpha,beta-enone, by reductive hydrolysis of a corresponding 2-isoxazoline and subsequent separation of the two compounds;

(eee) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a hydrazone, by selective hydrazone formation with a corresponding ketone;

(hhh) producing a compound of formula I, which contains an allylic alcohol, by selective reduction of a corresponding enone;

(iii) producing a compound of formula I, which contains an epoxide, by selective addition of the carbene arising from diazomethane across an activated carbonyl;

(jjj) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a carboxylic acid, by selective ester cleavage in a corresponding compound;

(kkk) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a substituted or unsubstituted carboxamide, by selective condensation of the corresponding amine with a corresponding carboxylic acid;

(lll) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a 24R-hydroxyl substituent, by selective inversion of the naturally occurring 24S configuration;

(mmm) producing a compound of formula I, which contains an alkyloxycarbonyl hydrazone, by selective condensation of an alkyl carbazate with a corresponding compound of formula I, having a ketone;

(ppp) producing a compound of formula I, which contains one thiazole, by condensation of an alpha substituted carbonyl or an alpha substituted masked carbonyl group of a corresponding compound with an appropriate thioamide, thiourea or with dithiocarbamic acid derivatives, where the alpha substituent L is a leaving group;

(qqq) producing a compound of formula I, which contains one imidazole, by condensation of an alpha substituted carbonyl or an alpha substituted masked carbonyl group of a corresponding compound with an appropriate amidine, isourea or guanidine, where the substituent L is a leaving group;

(rrr) producing a compound of formula I, which contains one oxazole, by condensation of an alpha substituted carbonyl or an alpha substituted masked carbonyl group of a corresponding compound with an appropriate amide, where the substituent L is a leaving group;

(sss) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a tertiary alcohol, by selective addition of a Grignard reagent or an organometallic reagent to a carbonyl moiety of a corresponding compound;

(ttt) producing a compound of formula I, which contains one pyrrole, by cyclization of an appropriate gamma-amino alpha hydroxy carbonyl or a masked gamma-amino alpha hydroxy carbonyl of a corresponding compound prepared by process (sss);

(uuu) producing a compound of formula I, which contains one pyrazine, by condensation of a 1,2-dicarbonyl or masked 1,2-dicarbonyl group of a corresponding compound with an appropriate 1,2-diamine in the presence of an oxidizing agent;

(vvv) producing a compound of formula I, which contains one pyridine, by condensation of a 1,5-dicarbonyl group prepared by process (sss) of a corresponding compound with ammonia;

(www) producing a compound of formula I, which contains one pyridazine, by condensation of a 1,4-dicarbonyl group prepared by process (sss) of a corresponding compound with hydrazine;

(xxx) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a 1,2-thiocarbonate, by reacting a 1,2-diol of a corresponding compound with thiocarbonyldiimidazole or an appropriately activated thiocarbonate;

(yyy) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a 1,2-carbonate, by reacting a 1,2-diol of a corresponding compound with carbonyldiimidazole, triphosgene, phosgene or an appropriately activated carbonate;

(zzz) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a 1,2-phosphonate group, by reacting a 1,2-diol of a corresponding compound with an appropriate alkoxyphosphonyl dichloride;

(aaaa) producing a compound of formula I, which contains an olefin, by reduction of a 1,2-thiocarbonate prepared by process (xxx) of a corresponding compound;

(bbbb) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a CH₂ group, by selective reduction of a 1,2-dicarbonyl or masked 1,2-dicarbonyl group of a corresponding compound;

(cccc) producing a compound of formula I, which contains an indole group, by selective reduction and condensation of a 2-(o-nitrophenyl)-1,3-diketone prepared by process (ss)! of a corresponding compound;

(dddd) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a substituted triazole group, by cycloaddition of a CH--N₃ group in a corresponding compound with appropriate acetylene analogues;

(eeee) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a substituted pyrrole group, by reaction of a CH--NH₂ group in a corresponding compound with appropriate dicarbonyl compounds;

(ffff) producing a compound of formula I, which contains one ethanalyl group, first by selective oxidation of the double bond of an allyl group to a vicinal diol, followed by oxidative cleavage of the diol in a corresponding compound;

(gggg) producing a compound of formula I, which contains one carboxymethyl group, by selective oxidation of an ethanalyl group in a corresponding compound;

(hhhh) producing a compound of formula I, which contains one alkyl carboxymethyl group, by esterification of a carboxymethyl group in a corresponding compound;

(iiii) producing a compound of formula I, which contains one cyclopropylmethyl group, by selective cyclopropanation of the double bond of an allyl group in a corresponding compound;

(jjjj) producing a compound of formula I, which contains one pyrrole, by reaction of a 1,4-dicarbonyl group with amines in a corresponding compound;

(kkkk) producing a compound of formula I, which contains one furan, by cyclization of a 1,4-dicarbonyl group in a corresponding compound;

(llll) producing a compound of formula I, which contains one methyl ketone, by selective oxidation of the double bond of an allyl group in a corresponding compound;

(nnnn) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a hydrazide, by reduction of the corresponding hydrazone;

(oooo) producing a compound of formula I, which contains an amine, by reduction of the corresponding oxime;

(pppp) producing a compound of formula I, which contains an alpha,beta-saturated ketone, by reduction of the corresponding alpha,beta-unsaturated enone;

(qqqq) producing a compound of formula I, which contains an isoxazoline, by treatment of a beta-hydroxy oxime with a dehydrating reagent;

(rrrr) producing a compound of formula I, which contains an beta-hydroxy carbonyl, by treatment of a carbonyl with a base in the presence of another carbonyl moiety;

(ssss) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a cyclic imine, by treatment of an enone system with a glycine imine in the presence of base resulting in first Michael addition at the beta-carbon and subsequent imine formation upon aqueous workup;

(tttt) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a substituted pyrrole, by treatment of an enone with a glycine imine in the presence of an appropriate catalyst to induce a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition;

(uuuu) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a beta-keto carboxylic acid, ester or amide, by decomposition with light or heat of an alpha diazoketone;

(vvvv) producing a compound of formula I which contains a ketone, a product of decarboxylation of a beta-keto carboxylic acid, by healing;

(yyyy) producing a compound of formula I, which contains a --CHOC(O)OR⁴⁰⁰, by selective mod-aryl-, mod-Het--, or alkyloxy-carbonylation of a --CHOH group in a corresponding compound;

(zzzz) producing a compound of formula I, which contains an allylic hydroxyl group, by selective oxidation of an allylic methylene group in a corresponding compound.

In process (a), suitable reagents for activation of an alcohol include acetic anhydride, trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (triflic anhydride), methanesulfonyl chloride (mesyl chloride), p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (tosyl chloride), trifluoroacetic anhydride, trifluoroacetyl chloride, methoxysulfonyl fluoride (magic methyl), o-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride, 1-methyl-2-fluoropyridinium salt and the like.

The activation may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g., diethylether, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, chloroform or N,N-dimethylformamide or a mixture thereof). The reaction may require cooling or heating, depending on the activation method chosen. Further, the reaction is preferably conducted in the presence of an organic or inorganic base such as an alkaline earth metal (e.g. calcium, etc.), alkali metal hydride (e.g. sodium hydride, etc.), alkali metal hydroxide (e.g. sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, etc.), alkali metal carbonate (e.g. sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, etc.), alkali metal hydrogen carbonate (e.g. sodium hydrogen carbonate, potassium hydrogen carbonate, etc.), alkali metal alkoxide (e.g. sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, potassium tert-butoxide, etc.), alkali metal alkanoic acid (e.g. sodium acetate, etc.), trialkylamine (e.g. triethylamine, etc.), pyridine compounds (e.g. pyridine, lutidine, picoline, 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine, etc.), quinoline, and the like, preferably in the presence of organic bases such as triethylamine or pyridine.

The activation may also be carried out using a starting material having an opposite configuration at a carbon center. In this situation, the following two additional steps are required to yield a starting material having an epimeric hydroxyl moiety, i.e. (1) the alcohol is oxidized to its corresponding ketone, (2) the obtained ketone is reduced under selective conditions. Both chiral centers having either R!- or S!-configuration can be obtained selectively and separately.

In process (b), suitable azide reagents include well-established alkali metal azides such as sodium or lithium azides (NaN₃ or LiN₃) in the presence or absence of crown ethers, more reactive tetraalkylammonium azides (Danishefski, S. J.; DeNinno, M. P.; Chen, S.-H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 3929), tetramethylguanidinium azide, (Papa, A. J. J. Org. Chem. 1966, 31, 1426), a copper-assisted azide reaction (Yamamoto, Y.; Asao, N. J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 5303) and a hydrogen azide-amine system (Saito, S.; Yokoyama, H.; Ishikawa, T.; Niwa, N.; Moriwake, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 1991, 32,663; Saito, S.; Takahashi, N.; Ishikawa, T.; Moriwake, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 1991, 32,667). The azide displacement reaction may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g. chloroform, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine, dimethylsulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, hexamethylphosphoramide, etc. or a mixture thereof). The reaction may be conducted above, at, or below ambient temperature.

In process (c), the reduction may be carried out catalytically using hydrogen. Suitable catalysts include, but are not limited to platinum catalysts (e.g. platinum oxide, platinum black), palladium catalysts (e.g. palladium oxide, palladium on charcoal, palladium black, palladium hydroxide on charcoal, palladium on calcium carbonate poisoned with lead, palladium on barium carbonate with quinoline), nickel catalysts (e.g. nickel oxide, Raney nickel), rhodium catalysts (e.g. rhodium on alumina). Reduction may also be carried out using metal reducing reagents (see Review; Scriven, E. F. V.; Turnbull, K. Chem Rev. 1988, 88, 321; Patai, S., Ed., "The Chemistry of the Azido Group," Interscience Publishers, New York, 1971; Scriven, E. F. V., Ed., "Azides and Nitrenes Reactivity and Utility," Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1984) such as sodium borohydride under phase-transfer conditions, borohydride supported on an ion exchange resin, lithium aluminum hydride and the like, furthermore, 1,3-propanedithiol-triethylamine method (Bayley, H.; Staudring, D. N.; Knowles, J. R. Tetrahedron Lett. 1978, 3633), triphenylphosphine (Vaultier, M.; Knouzi, N.; Carrie, R. Tetrahedron Lett. 1983, 24, 763), and sodium tellurium hydride (Suzuki, H.; Takaoka, K. Chem Lett. 1984, 1733).

The reduction may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g., alcohols, water, acetone, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine or N,N-dimethylformamide or a mixture thereof). The reaction may be conducted above, at, or below ambient temperature.

In process (d), suitable N-acylations may be carried out using the methods of symmetric carboxylic acid anhydrides, carboxylic acid halides, mixed carbonic-carboxylic anhydrides, active esters (p-nitrophenylester, trichlorophenyl ester, pentafluorophenyl ester, N-hydroxysuccinimide, cyanoethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl and the like), and carboxylic acid with suitable condensing reagents such as DCC (N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and its related condensing agents), DCC-HOBt (N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-1-hydroxybenzotriazole), Woodward reagent K method, N,N-carbonyldiimidazole and phosphonium containing reagents (e.g. benzotriazolyloxytris dimethylamino!-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate, N,N-bis 2-oxo-3-ox-azolidinyl!phosphorodiamidic chloride, diethylphosphorobromidate, diphenylphosphoryl azide, bromo tris dimethylamino!phosphonium hexafluorophosphate, and the like). Suitable reagents for amide formation include, but are not limited to formyl derivatives, acetyl halides (chloroacetyl, trichloroacetyl, o-nitrophenylacetyl, o-ninophenoxyacetyl, acetoacetyl, N'-dithiobenzyloxycarbonylamino!acetyl and the like), and substituted propionyl derivatives (3-phenylpropionyl, isobutyryl, picolinoyl, and the like). Other groups may be found in volume 3 of The Peptides Gross, E. and Meinhofer, J. Academic Press, 1981 and Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis Greene, T. W. John Wiley & Sons, New York, Chapter 7, 1981. Typically used coupling conditions are described by Gross, E.; Meinhofer, J. "The Peptides" vol. 3, Academic Press, 1981. The N-acylation may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g. acetone, dichloromethane, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, diethylether, and the like, or a mixture thereof). The reaction may be conducted above, at, or below ambient temperature. Alternatively, metal salts may be formed from the desired amines and then condensed with an ester which may or may not be activated. These salts may be formed by treatment of the neutral amine with trialkylaluminums (See J. I. Levin, E. Taros, S. M. Weinreb Synthetic Communications 1982, 12, 989-93), Sn N(Si(CH₃)₃)!₂ (See W. Wang, E. J. Roskamp J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 6101-3), or grignard reagents. For other methods see A. Solladie-Cavallo, M. Bencheqroun J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 5831-4 as well as footnotes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 therein.

In process (e), N-alkylations may be carried out using aldehydes or ketones-followed by reduction of the initially formed iminium ion {The following reagents can be used for the reduction; sodium cyanoborohydride-boron trifluoride or the reducing reagents cited in process (c)}, corresponding halides in the presence of bases listed in process (a), or lithium dialkyl cuprate (King, F. E.; King, T. J.; Muir, I. H. M. J. Chem. Soc. 1946, 5; Yamamoto, H.; Maruoka, K. J. Org. Chem. 1980, 45, 2739). Suitable reagents for N-alkylation include, but are not limited to benzyl halide, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl halide, nitrobenzyl halide, di(p-methoxyphenyl)methyl halide, triphenylmethyl halide, and the like. Other groups may be found in volume 3 of The Peptides, Gross, E. and Meinhofer, J. Academic Press, 1981 and Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, Greene, T. W. John Wiley & Sons, New York, Chapter 7, 1981. The N-alkylation may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g., acetone, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine or N,N-dimethylformamide or a mixture thereof). The reaction may be conducted above, at, or below ambient temperature.

In process (f), urea formation may be carried out from the following reactions; reaction with silicon tetraisocyanate or silicon tetraisothiocyanate (Neville, R. G.; McGee, J. J. Can. J. Chem. 1963, 41, 2123), reaction with N,N-carbonyldiimidazole or N,N-thiocarbonyldiimidazole, followed by N-substituted primary or secondary amines or ammonia (Staab, H. A.; Wendel, K. Org. Synth. 1968, 48, 44), and reaction with phosgene or thiophosgene in the presence of tert-amine, followed by N-substituted primary or secondary amines or ammonia. The ureido formation may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g. acetone, toluene, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine, N,N-dimethylformamide, etc. or a mixture thereof). The reaction may be conducted above, at, or below ambient temperature.

Alternatively, urea formation may be carried out by first forming an acyl azide by activating a carboxylic acid in the molecule with a chloroformate, such as isobutyl chloroformate, in the presence of a tertiary amine, such as N-methyl-morpholine or N-methyl-piperdine, and treating with an azide source, such as sodium azide, hydrazoic acid, trimethylsilylazide, or tetramethylguanidinium azide. The acyl azide may also be formed directly using diphenylphophorylazide in the presence of a tertiary amine. The reaction mixture is then heated at from 40° C. to 100° C. for 0.5 to 6 hours, whereupon the amine HNR¹⁴ R¹⁵ is added at a temperature at from 23° C. to 100° C. The reaction is conducted in an inert organic solvent such as diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, chloroform, methylene chloride, benzene, or toluene.

In process (g), N-sulfonylation may be carried out using substituted sulfonylhalides in the presence of suitable tert-amines such as trialkylamine, pyridine, and the like (Remers, W. A.; Roth, R. H.; Gibs, G. J.; Weiss, M. J. J. Org. Chem. 1971, 36, 1232). Suitable reagents include, but are not limited to benzenesulfonyl halide, p-methyoxybenzenesulfonyl halide, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonyl halide, toluenesulfonyl halide, benzylsulfonyl halide, p-methoxybenzylsulfonyl halide, trifluoromethylsulfonyl halide, phenacylsulfonyl halide, and the like. Some other representative groups may be found in volume 3 of The Peptides, Gross, E. and Meinhofer, J. Academic Press, 1981 and Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, Greene, T. W. John Wiley & Sons, New York, Chapter 7, 1981. The N-aryl- or alkylsulfonylation may he carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g., acetone, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine or N,N-dimethylformamide or a mixture thereof). The reaction may be conducted above, at, or below ambient temperature.

In process (h), N-carbamate formations may be carried out using common protecting groups for amino group such as, but not limited to methylcarbamates (cyclopropylmethyl, 9-fluorenylmethyl, and the like), substituted ethylcarbamates (2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 2-phosphonethyl, 2-methylthioethyl, and the like), substituted propyl and isopropylcarbamates (1,1-dimethylpropynyl, 1-methyl-1-(4-biphenylyl)ethyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, p-nitrobenzyl, 8-quinolyl, N-hydroxypiperidinyl, benzyl, dimethoxybenzyl, 9-anthrylmethyl, 1-adamantyl, cyclohexyl, tert-amyl, cinnamoyl, isobutyl, N'-p-phenylaminothiocarbonyl, N'-piperidinylcarbonyl, diphenylmethyl, and the like). Preparations of N-carbamates and other groups may be found in volume 3 of The Peptides, Gross, E. and Meinhofer, J. Academic Press, 1981 and Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, Greene, T. W. John Wiley & Sons, New York, Chapter 7, 1981. The N-carbamate formation may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g., acetone, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine or N,N-dimethylformamide or a mixture thereof. The reaction may be conducted above, at, or below ambient temperature.

In process (i), N-guanidium formation may be carried out using several common reagents such as 1-guanyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazole (Salvadori, S.; Sarto, G. P.; Tomatis, R. Eur. J. Med. Chem. Chem. Ther. 1983, 18, 489), O-methylisourea (Van Nispen, J. W.; Tesser, G. I.; Nivard, R. J. F. Int. J. Peptide Protein Res. 1977, 9, 193), and thiourea sulfonylate (Maryanoff, C. A.; Stanzione, R. C.; Plampin, J. N.; Mills, J. E. J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 1882). The N-guanidinium formation may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g., acetone, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine or N,N-dimethylformamide or a mixture thereof). The reaction may be conducted above, at, or below ambient temperature.

In process (j), N-sulfenamides may be prepared from an amine and a sulfenyl halide (Davis, F. A.; Nadir, U. K. Org. Prep. Proc. Int. 1979, 11, 33; Kobayashi, T.; Iino, K.; Hiraoka, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1977, 99, 5505; Zervas, L.; Borovas, D.; Gazis, E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1963, 85, 3660). Suitable reagents include, but are not limited to benzenesulfenyl halide, o-nitrobenzenesulfenyl halide, 2,4-dinitrosulfenyl halide, pentachlorobenzenesulfenyl halide, 2-nitro-4-methoxybenzenesulfenyl halide, triphenylmethylsulfenyl halide, and the like. Other groups may be found in volume 3 of The Peptides, Gross, E. and Meinhofer, J. Academic Press, 1981 and Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, Greene, T. W. John Wiley & Sons, New York, Chapter 7, 1981. The N-sulfenylation may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g., acetone, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine or N,N-dimethylformamide or a mixture thereof). The reaction may be conducted above, at, or below ambient temperature.

In process (k), suitable halogenation reagents include, but are not limited to triphenylphosphine with halogens (Verheyden, J. P. H.; Moffatt, J. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1964, 86, 2093; Bergman, R. G. ibid., 1969, 91, 7405; Hrubiec, R. T.; Smith, M. B. J. Org. Chem., 1983, 48, 3667), triphenylphosphine with cyanogen halides (Horner,.L.; Oediger, H.; Hoffmann, H. Annalen Chem. 1959, 626, 26), triphenylphosphine with carbon tetrahalides (Hooz, J.; Gilani, S. S. H. Can. J. Chem. 1968, 46, 86; Chem. Commun. 1968, 1350), triphenylphosphine with NBS (N-bromosuccinimide)(Schweizer, E. E.; Creasy, W. S.; Light, K. K.; Shaffer, E. T. J. Org. Chem. 1969, 34, 212), and triphenylphosphine with hexachloroacetone (Magid, R. M.; Stanley-Fruchey, O.; Johnson, W. L. Tetrahedron Lett. 1977, 2999; Magnid, R. M.; Stanley-Fruchey, O.; Johnson, W. L.; Allen, T. G. J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44, 359). The halogenation may also be accomplished by other reagents such as mono- or tri-alkylsilyl halides with or without sodium halides (Olah, G. A.; Husain, A.; Singh, B. P.; Mehrota, A. K. J. Org. Chem. 1983, 48, 3667; Balme, G.; Fournet, G.; Gore, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1986, 27, 1907), polymer bound trimethylsilyl derivatives (Cainelli, G.; Contento, M.; Manescalchi, F.; Plessi, L.; Panunzio, M. Synthesis 1983, 306; Imamoto, T.; Matsumoto, T.; Kusumoto, T.; Yokoyama, M. Synthesis 1983, 460), N,N-dichlorophosphoramidic dichloride (Chem. Lett. 1978, 923), phosphorus trihalide-zinc halide (Anderson, Jr. A. G.; Owen, N. E. T.; Freenor, F. J.; Erickson, D. Synthesis 1976, 398), diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (Middleton, W. J. J. Org. Chem. 1975, 40, 574), triphenoxyphosphonium alkyl halide (Rydon, H. N. Org. Synth. 1971, 51, 44; Verheyden, J. P. H.; Moffatt, J. G. J. Org. Chem. 1972, 37, 2289), and the like.

The halogenation may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g., acetone, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine or N,N-dimethylformamide or a mixture thereof). The reaction may be conducted above, at, or below ambient temperature.

In process (l), phosphonic acid ester formation may be carried out using Michaelis-Arbuzov reactions (Bhattacharya, A. K.; Thyagarajan, G. Chem. Rev. 1981, 81, 415; Bauer, G.; Haegele, G. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1977, 16, 477).

The phosphonic acid ester formation may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g., acetone, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine or N,N-dimethylformamide or a mixture thereof). The reaction may be conducted above, at, or below ambient temperature.

In process (m), phosphorylation may be carried out using, but is not limited to the 2-halo-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane-triethylamine reaction (Chandrarakumar, N. S.; Hajdu, J. J. Org. Chem. 1983, 48, 1197). The phosphorylation may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g., benzene, toluene, acetone, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran or N,N-dimethylformamide or a mixture thereof). Further, the reaction is preferably conducted in the presence of organic or inorganic bases, as described in process (a), preferably in the presence of organic bases such as triethylamine, pyridine etc. The reaction may be conducted above, at, or below ambient temperature, more preferably from 0° to 50 ° C.

In process (n), thioether formation may be carried out using, but is not limited to aryl- or alkylmercaptan in the presence of suitable tert-amines such as trialkylamine, pyridine, and the like. The reaction may also be carried out by a metal-catalyzed thioether formation (Guindon, Y; Frenette, R; Fortin, R.; Rokach, J. J. Org. Chem. 1983, 48, 1357), alkali metal salts of aryl- or alkylmercaptans with a compound of formula I which contains CH-OLg group (OLg is the leaving group). The alkali metal may be selected from sodium, potassium, lithium, and cesium. The thioether formation may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g. acetone, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine, N,N-dimethylformamide, etc. or a mixture thereof). The reaction may be conducted above, at, or below ambient temperature.

In process (o), aryl- or alkyloxythiocarbonylation may be carried out using aryl- or alkyloxythiocarbonylchloride or corresponding halides in the presence of suitable tert-amines such as trialkylamine, pyridine, and the like. The aryl- or alkylthiocarbonylation may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g. acetone, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine, N,N-dimethylformamide etc. or a mixture thereof). The reaction may be conducted above, at, or below ambient temperature.

In process (p), ether formation may be carried out using, for example, aryl-, arylalkyl-, (heterocyclic)alkyl-, (heterocyclic)alkenyl-, (heterocyclic)alkynyl-, loweralkoxycarbonylalkyl-, arylalkoxycarbonylalkyl-, arylalkylcarbonylalkyl-, trialkylsilylcarbonylalkyl-, trialkyl-stannylcarbonylalkyl-, amidocarbonylalkyl-, alkylamidocarbonylalkyl-, dialkylamido-carbonylalkyl-, arylamidocarbonylalkyl-, alkylamidocarbonylalkyl-, heterocyclicamido-carbonylalkyl-, heterocyclic or alkylhalides in the presence of KY-zeolite (Onaka, M.; Kawai, M.; Izumi, Y. Chem. Lett. 1983, 1101), polymeric materials (Kimura, Y.; Kirszensztejn, P.; Regen, S. L. J. Org. Chem. 1983, 48, 385), nickel-catalysis (Camps, F.; Coll, J.; Moreto, J. M. Synthesis 1982, 186; Yamashita. Synthesis 1977, 803), arylalkyl-O-p-toluenesulfonate (Dewick, P. M. Synth. Commun. 1981, 11, 853), potassium or sodium alkoxides (Bates, R. B.; Janda, K. D. J. Org. Chem. 1982, 47, 4374), pyridine or other bases (Chem. Lett. 1978, 57), tetraalkylammonium halide (Miller, J. M.; So, K. H.; Clark, J. H. Can. J. Chem. 1979, 1987) mercury perchlorate (McKillop, A.; Ford, M. E. Tetrahedron 1974, 30, 2467), silver triflate or silver oxide (Kuhn, R.; Low, I.; Trischmann, H. Chem. Ber. 1957, 90, 203. Croon, I.; Lindberg, B. Acta Chem. Scand., 1959, 13, 593) or a phase transfer catalyst (McKillop, A.; Fiaud, J.-C.; Hug, R. P. Tetrahedron 1974, 30, 1379). The ether formation may also be carried out with dialkyl- or diarylphosphoric acid in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid (Kashman, Y. J. Org. Chem. 1972, 37, 912), with diazo compounds with tin(II) chloride (Christensen, L. F.; Broom, A. D. J. Org. Chem. 1972, 37, 3398), or with 2,2,2-trichloroalkanols in the presence of base (Corey, E. J.; Link, J. O. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 1906; Corey, E. J.; Link, J. O. Tetrahedron Lett. 1992, 33,343 1). Additionally, ether formation may be accomplished with a suitable trichloroacetimidate in the presence of an acid catalyst (Wessel, H. P.; Iversen, T.; Bundle, D. R. J. Chem. Soc. Perk Trans. 1985, 1, 2247) The ether formation may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g. acetone, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine, N,N-dimethylformamide, ether, cyclohexane, etc. or a mixture thereof). The reaction may be conducted above, at, or below ambient temperature.

More specifically, O-alkylation may be carried out using bromoacetic acid derivatives, iodoacetic acid derivatives, trifluommethanesulfonyloxy acetic acid derivatives, chloro- bromo- or iodomethanesulfonic acid derivatives, chloro- bromo- or iodoacetyltrimethylsilane and the like in the presence of an appropriate base such as triethylamine, potassium fluoride or silver(I) oxide. The reaction is performed in an inert solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide, acetonitrile or dichloromethane, preferably between -50° C. and 80° C. Alternatively, alkylation can be carried out using alkyl-, or arylalkyl-diazoacetates in the presence of a metal catalyst, for example Rh(OAc)₂ in an inert solvent such as dichloromethane preferably between -20° C. and 80° C.

In process (q), N-cyclic imide formations may be carried out using phthalic anhydride (Sasaki, T.; Minamoto, K.; Itoh, H. J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 2320), o-methoxycarbonyl-benzoyl chloride with trialkylamine (Hoogwater, D. A.; Reinhoudt, D. N.; Lie, T. S.; Gunneweg, J. J.; Beyerman, H. C. Recl. Tray. Chem. Pays-Bas. 1973, 92, 819), or N-ethoxycarbonylphthalimide (Nefkens, G. H. L.; Tesser, G. I.; Nivard, R. J. F. Recl. Trav. Chem. Pays-Bas. 1960, 79, 688). Other groups and reagents may be found in volume 3 of The Peptides, Gross, E. and Meinhofer, J. Academic Press, 1981 and Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, Greene, T. W. John Wiley & Sons, New York, Chapter 7, 1981. The N-cyclic imide formation may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g. acetone, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine, N,N-dimethylformamide, etc. or a mixture thereof). The reaction may be conducted above, at, or below ambient temperature.

In process (t), deoxygenation may be carried out using, but is not limited to phenoxythiocarbonyl derivative with tributyltin hydride and 2,2-azobis-2-methylpropionitrile (AIBN) (Robins, M. J.; Wilson, J. S.; Hansske, F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 4059; Barton, D. H. R.; McCombie, S. W. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1975, 1574), or a phenyldithiocarbonyl derivative with tributyltin hydride and AIBN (Hayashi, T.; Iwaoka, T.; Takeda, N.; Ohki, E. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1978, 26, 1786). The deoxygenation may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g. acetone, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine, N,N-dimethylformamide, etc. or a mixture thereof). The reaction may be conducted above, at, or below ambient temperature.

In process (u), suitable oxidizing reagents include activated dialkyl sulfoxides (e.g. dimethylsulfoxide, methylethylsulfoxide) (Mancuso, A. J.; Swern, D. Synthesis 1981, 165), organo chromates e.g. pyridinium chlorochromate (Corey, E. J.; Suggs, J. W. Tetrahedron Lett. 1975, 2647; Corey, E. J.; Boger, D. L. Tetrahedron Lett. 1978, 2461), pyridinium dichromate (Corey, E. J.; Schmidt, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1979, 5, 399), Collins reagent (Collins, J. C.; Hess, W. W.; Frank, F. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1968, 3363)!, tetrapropylammonium perruthenate (Griffith, W. P.; Ley, S. V.; Whitcombe, G. P.; White, A. D. Chem. Commun. 1987, 1625; Griffith, W. P. Aldrichimica Acta. 1990, 23, 13), and the like. The oxidation may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g. acetone, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine, N,N-dimethylformamide, etc. or a mixture thereof). The reaction may be conducted above, at, or below ambient temperature.

In process (v), suitable alkylating reagents include, but are not limited to aldehydes and ketones in the presence of reducing agents (Hrubowchak, D. M.; Smith, F. X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1983, 24, 4951), alkyl-, aryl, or arylalkyl halides (Shono, T.; Kashimura, S.; Sawamura, M.; Soejima, T. J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53,907). In the case that the reaction is conducted in the presence of an organic or inorganic bases such as an alkaline earth metal (e.g. calcium, balium, magnesium, thallium etc.), an alkali metal hydride (e.g. sodium hydride, lithium hydride, etc.), an alkali metal hydroxide (e.g. sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, etc.), an alkali metal carbonate (e.g. sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, etc.), an alkali metal hydrogen carbonate (e.g. sodium hydrogen carbonate, potassium hydrogen carbonate, etc.), an alkali metal alkoxide (e.g. sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, thallium ethoxide, potassium tert-butoxide, etc.), an alkali metal alkanoic acid (e.g. sodium acetate, etc.), a trialkylamine (e.g. triethylamine, trimethylamine, etc.), or a pyridine compound (e.g. pyridine, lutidine, picoline, 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine, etc.), quinoline, and the like. The alkylation may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g. acetone, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine, N,N-dimethylformamide, etc. or a mixture thereof). The reaction may be conducted above, at, or below ambient temperature.

In process (w), suitable halogenation reagents include, but are not limited to halogens treated by irradiation (sun lamp) for several hours (Heffner, R.; Safaryn, J. E.; Joullie, M. M.; Tetrahedron Lett. 1987, 28, 6539) or oxalyl chloride (Evans, D. A.; Dow, R. L.; Shih, T. L.; Takecs, J. M.; Zahler, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5290). The halogenation may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g. acetone, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine, N,N-dimethylformamide, etc. or a mixture thereof). The reaction may be conducted above, at, or below ambient temperature.

In process (x), suitable oxidation reagents include, but are not limited to oxodiperoxymolybdenum(pyridine)-1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinone (Anderson, J. C.; Smith, S.C. SYNLETT 1990, 2, 107) and oxodiperoxymolybdenum(pyridine)-hexamethylphosphoramide (Vedejs, E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96, 5944; Vedejs, E.; Engler, D. A.; Telschow, J. E. J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 188). The oxidation may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g. acetone, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine, N,N-dimethylformamide, etc., or a mixture thereof). The reaction may be conducted above, at, or below ambient temperature.

In process (aa), suitable olefination reagents include, but are not limited to Wittig reagents (Maecker, M., Org. React. 1965, 14, 270; Johnson, A. W., "Ylid Chemistry," Academic Press, New York, 1966) and CH₂ I₂ --Zn--TiCl₄ or Ti(NEt₂)₄ ! reagent (Hibino, J.; Okazoe, T.; Takai, K.; Nozaki, H. Tetrahedron Lett. 1985, 26, 5579; Okazoe, T.; Hibino, J.; Takai, K.; Nozaki, H. ibid. 1985, 26, 5581). The carbonyl olefination may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g. acetone, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran; pyridine, N,N-dimethylformamide, etc., or a mixture thereof). The reaction may be conducted at room temperature.

In process (bb), suitable O-acylation reagents include, but are not limited to alkyl, aryl, or arylalkyl acyl halides (Lakhvich, F. A.; Khlebnicova, T. S.; Akhrem, A. A. Synthesis 1985, 8, 784). The O-acylation may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g. acetone, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine, N,N-dimethylformamide, etc., or a mixture thereof). The reaction may be conducted above, at, or below ambient temperature.

In process (cc), suitable amination reagents include, but are not limited to amino acid derivatives and lower alkyl, aryl, or arylalkyl amines (Winkler, J. D.; Hershberger, P. M.; Springer, J. P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1986, 27, 5177). The reaction may be carried out in refluxing in benzene, toluene or a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g. tetrahydrofuran, pyridine, N,N-dimethylformamide, etc., or a mixture thereof). The reaction may be conducted at room temperature.

In process (dd), the alkylidene formation may be carried out using, but is not limited to aldehydes and ketones with active methylene compounds. (Schonberg, A.; Singer, E. Chem. Ber. 1970, 103, 3871; Chatterjee, S. J. Chem. Soc. B, 1969, 725). The alkylidene formation may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (eg. acetone, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine, N,N-dimethylformamide, etc., or a mixture thereof). The reaction may be conducted under cooling to heating.

In process (ee), L may be hydroxy, or a good leaving group (halogen, tosylate, mesylate or triflate, for example). When a precursor compound contains a C(OH)--CH₂ --C═O group, the elimination of H₂ O may be carried out in a solvent which is inert under the reaction conditions (e.g. toluene) with a trace of acid (e.g. toluenesulfonic acid), at a temperature selected from 50° to 100° C. When the precursor compound contains a good leaving group, the elimination may be carried out in the presence of a base (e.g. triethyl amine or potassium carbonate), at a temperature selected from 0° to 100° C.

In process (ff), suitable diamines include phenylene diamine and substituted 1,2-phenyl diamines, 2,3-diaminopyridine, 3,4-diaminopyridine, 4,5-diaminopyridazine, 4,5-diaminopyrimidine and their acid salts, preferably in the presence of tertiary amines (e.g. N-methylmlorpholine). Suitable solvents include methanol, ethanol, propanol, acetonitrile, 2-butanone and N,N-dimethylformamide, and a reaction temperature selected from 50° to 100° C.

In process (gg), suitable reagents include sodium borohydride, zinc in acetic acid, sodium triacetoxyborohydride in acetic acid, lithium trialkoxyaluminum hydride in tetrahydrofuran, potassium or lithium tri-sec-butylborohydride in tetrahydrofuran, and borane/t-butylamine complex in a solvent such as methanol or ethanol. The reduction may be conducted at -70° C. to room temperature.

In process (hh), suitable 2-aminothiophenols include substituted 1,2-aminothiophenols, preferably in the presence of tertiary amine (e.g. N-methylmorpholine). Suitable solvents include methanol, ethanol and n-propanol; and the reaction may be conducted at a temperature selected from 50° to 100° C.

In process (ii), the reagent to be used in this reaction may include di(lower)alkyl sulfoxide (e.g. dimethyl sulfoxide, ethyl methyl sulfoxide, propyl methyl sulfoxide, isobutyl methyl sulfoxide, butyl methyl sulfoxide, isobutyl methyl sulfoxide, hexyl methyl sulfoxide, etc). This reaction is usually conducted in the presence of oxalyl chloride, acid chlorides, lower alkanoic anhydride such as acetic anhydride in a conventional solvent that does not adversely influence the reaction such as dichloromethane, acetone, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine, N,N-dimethylformamide, etc., followed by the addition of a tertiary amine (e.g. triethyl amine). The reaction may be conducted at -70° C. to room temperature.

In process (jj), the dithiols are lower alkyl dithiols (e.g. ethanedithiol, propanedithiol or butanedithiol) and 1,2-aryl dithiols (e.g. 1,2-benzenedithiol) in the presence of a Lewis acid (e.g. boron trifluoride etherate or lanthanum trichloride) in a conventional solvent that does not adversely influence the reaction such as dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran or ether. The reaction may be conducted at -70° C. and room temperature.

In process (kk), suitable oxygen-substituted amines include hydroxyl amine, O-alkylhydroxyl amines, and O-arylalkyl hydroxyl amines, for example O-benzyl hydroxyl amine. Suitable solvents include those that do not adversely affect the reaction, for example ethanol or methanol. The reaction is preferably carried out with one equivalent of hydroxyl amine, and at a temperature of 25° to 100° C., more preferably at the reflux temperature of the solvent.

In process (ll), suitable hydrazines include alkylhydrazines (e.g. butylhydrazine), arylhydrazines (e.g. phenylhydrazine), acylhydrazines (e.g. acetylhydrazine), semicarbazides (e.g. t-butyloxycarbonyl hydrazine) and sulfonyl hydrazines (e.g. tosyl hydrazine) in a conventional solvent that does not adversely affect the reaction such as tetrahydrofuran, methanol or ethanol. The reaction may be conducted at 20° to 100° C.

In process (mm), 2-substitutions on the pyrimidine may be hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, thiol, amino, alkylamino, arylamino, acylamino, carbamylamino, and sulphonylamino groups. The appropriate pyrimidine containing compounds may be prepared according to the methods described in "The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, Vol.16, supplement II, Chapter II, pp 21-60", D. J. Brown, John Wiley & Sons, 1985.

In process (nn), the furan containing compounds may be prepared according to the method described by Paulissen, R., et. al. in Tetrahedron Lett. 1974, 607.

In process (oo), one equivalent of hydroxyl amine hydrochloride and tertiary amine (e.g. N-methylmorpholine) in a conventional solvent that does not adversely affect the reaction such as tetrahydrofuran, methanol, ethanol or isopropanol is used to prepare the compound. The reaction is conducted at 20° to 100° C.

In process (pp), the pyridine containing compounds may be prepared according to the literature: Osman, A. N.; Ismail, M. M.; Barakat, M. A. Rev. Roum. Chem. 1986, 31,615-24; Ried W.; Meyer, A., Ber. Deutsch. Chem. Ges. 1957, 90, 2841; Troschutz, R.; Troschultz, J.; Sollhuberkretzer, M. Arch Pharm. 1985, 318, 777-781.

In process (qq), a substituted 2-aminothiophenol, a 2-aminophenol or an aromatic 1,2-diamine is used in a conventional solvent that does not adversely affect the reaction such as tetrahydrofuran, ethanol, isopropanol, acetonitrile or N,N-dimethylformamide. The reaction may be conducted at 20° to 100° C.

In process (rr), the keto-substituted furan containing compound may be prepared according to the literature: Williams, P. H. et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1960, 82, 4883; E. J. Corey et at., Chem. Lett. 1987, 223.

In process (ss), suitable 1-halo-2-nitroaromatics may be substituted 1-fluoro-2-nitrobenzene, o-fluoro-nitropyridines, or o-bromo-nitro-naphthalene, etc. The arylation may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g. tetrahydrofuran, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethoxyethane, diglyme, etc.).

The base used to generate the anion may be isopropyl magnesium chloride, lithium diisopropyl amine or sodium hydride. The reaction may be conducted at a temperature selected from -70° C. to 100° C.

In process (uu), a nitrile oxide may be formed either by oxidation of an aldoxime or dehydration of a nitro compound as described in the following references or literature cited therein: (1) Torssell, K. G. B. "Nitrile Oxides, Nitrones and Nitronates in Organic Synthesis"; VCH Publishers: New York, 1988, p 64; (2) Kim, J. N.; Ryu, E. K. Synthetic Communications 1990, 20, 1373; (3) Chow, Y. L.; Shy, Y. Y.; Bakker, B. H.; Pillay, K. S. Heterocycles 1989, 29, 2245. The nitrile oxide is placed in the presence of an alpha,beta-unsaturated enone in an inert solvent to yield an 2-isoxazolines. Any isomers may subsequently be chomatographically separated.

In process (zz), an isoxazoline may be transformed to the corresponding beta-hydroxy ketone using but is not limited to molybenum hexacarbonyl in wet acetonitrile according to: Baraldi, P. G.; Barco, A.; Benetti, S.; Manfredini, S.; Simoni, D. Synthesis 1987, 276. Alternatively, Ti³⁺ may be employed to attain N--O bond cleavage: Das, N. B.; Torssell, K. B. G. Tetrahedron 1983, 39, 2227. Additionally, Raney-nickel may also selectively cleave the N--O bond without reducing the imino functionality as described in the following reference and literature cited therein: Torssell, K. G. B. "Nitrile Oxides, Nitrones and Nitronates in Organic Synthesis"; VCH Publishers: New York, 1988, p 16 and 290. During the course of this transformation, a significant amount of dehydration occurs to produce alpha-beta unsaturated enones which may be separated from the beta-hydroxy ketones.

In process (eee), an aryl- or alkylsulfonyl hydrazone may be formed by treatment of a ketone with an aryl- or alkylsulfonyl hydrazide in the presence of an acid catalyst in a solvent suitable for the reaction such as methanol or ethanol at temperatures ranging from ambient to the reflux temperature of the solvent.

In process (hhh), an allylic alcohol may be produced by selective reduction of an alpha-beta unsaturated enone. This is accomplished with but not limited to sodium borohydride in the presence of cerium(III) chloride heptahydrate in a suitable solvent such as methanol at or near 0° C.

In process (iii), an epoxide may be produced on the central carbonyl of a tricarbonyl moiety by but not limited to excess diazomethane as described in: fisher, M. J.; Chow, K.; Villalobos, A.; Danishefsky, S. J. J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 2900-2907.

In process (jjj), liberation of the ester to the acid may be achieved by the cleavage of a suitably substituted ester function. Such a functional group may be benzyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 9-fluorenylmethyl and the like. These are cleaved by methods well known to those skilled in the art.

In process (kkk), condensation of an amine with the acid may be performed using the mixed or symmetrical anhydride of said acid, or an ester of the acid, preferably activated, such as the ester derived from hydroxybenzotriazole, or the corresponding acylcyanide, acylimidazole, or acylazide of the aforementioned acid.

In process (lll), selective protection of the 32-hydroxyl moiety may be achieved using one of a variety of trialkylsilyl groups. This then leaves exposed a lone secondary alcohol on C-24 for selective inversion, which may be accomplished by activation of the 24-hydroxy as a mesylate, tosylate, etc., followed by inversion with a suitable nucleophile such as water, benzoic acid, formic acid, etc. On the other hand inversion of the unactivated 24-hydroxy group may be achieved using well described Mitsunobu conditions. Liberation of the silyl ether and inverted C-24 acylated hydroxy (if carboxylic acids are used as the nucleophile) is accomplished using methods well known to those skilled in the art. Alternatively, inversion may be accomplished without protection of the 32-hydroxyl group if ascomycin, FK506, or similar compounds are treated with diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST) in an inert solvent such as methylene chloride.

In process (mmm), condensation of an alkyloxy or substituted alklyoxy carbonyl hydrazine with ascomycin, FK506, similar compounds, or a suitable derivative thereof wherein the C-22 is available as a reactive center, including but not limited to a carbonyl, is performed in an inert solvent such as methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, etc., in the presence of a catalyst which may be an acid such as formic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, or camphorsulfonic acid.

In process (ppp), L may be a hydroxyl group, or a good leaving group (halogen, tosylate, nitrobenzenesulfonate, mesylate or triflate, for example).

The condensation may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g. isopropanol, acetonitrile, dioxane, N,N-dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, etc.). The reaction may be carried out in the presence of base (e.g. triethylamine, 4-methylmorpholine or magnesium carbonate, etc.), at a temperature selected from 0° to 100° C. The appropriate thiazole containing compound may be prepared according to Hantzsch's synthesis described by: Katritzky, A. R.; Rees, C. W. "Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry"; Pergamon Press: Oxford, 1984, Vol. 6, Part 4B, p.294-299.

In process (qqq), L may be a hydroxyl group, or a good leaving group (halogen, tosylate, nitrobenzenesulfonate, mesylate or triflate, for example).

The condensation may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g. isopropanol, t-butanol, acetonitrile, dioxane, N,N-dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, etc.). The reaction may be carried out in the presence of base (e.g. triethylamine, 4-methylmorpholine, potassium carbonate or magnesium carbonate, etc.), at a temperature selected from 0° to 100° C.

Suitable amidines include formamidine, alkylamidines, arylamidines and alkylisoureas. Suitable guanidines include N-arylguanidines, N-acylated guanidines and N-sulfonylated guanidines.

In process (rrr), L may be a hydroxyl group, or a good leaving group (halogen, tosylate, nitrobenzenesulfonate, mesylate or triflate, for example).

The condensation may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g. isopropanol, t-butanol, acetonitrile, dioxane, N,N-dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, etc.). The reaction may be carried out in the presence of a base (e.g., triethylamine, 4-methylmorpholine, potassium carbonate or magnesium carbonate), at a temperature selected from 0° to 100° C.

The amides are primary amides such as formamide, alkylacylamides and arylacylamides.

In process (sss), the organometallic reagent may be a Grignard reagent, an alkyllithium, or an aryllithium reagents.

The selective addition may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g., hexanes, ether, tetrahydrofuran, dimethoxyethane or 2-methoxyethyl ether).

The reaction may be carried out in the presence of cerium (III) at a temperature selected from -100° C. to 0° C.

In process (ttt), the gamma amino alpha hydroxy carbonyl or a masked gamma amino alpha hydroxy carbonyl of a corresponding compound prepared by process (sss) may have substitutions (e.g. alkyl, aryl groups, etc.) at the alpha and/or beta positions. Furthermore, the amino group may have N-alkyl or aryl substitutions.

The condensation may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g. isopropanol, t-butanol, acetonitrile, dioxane, N,N-dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, etc.). The reaction may be carried out in the presence of a base (e.g. triethylamine, 4-methylmorpholine, potassium carbonate or magnesium carbonate, etc.), at a temperature selected from 0° to 100° C.

In process (uuu), the reaction is generally carried out in two steps: first the condensation of an alpha diketone or a masked alpha diketone with an 1,2-diaminoalkane gives a dihydropyrazine. Once the dihydropyrazine has been prepared, it may be oxidized by air in the presence of Pd/C, PtO₂ or other catalysts. Metal oxides (e.g. MnO₂ or CuO) may also be used for the aromatization.

The condensation and oxidation may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reactions (e.g. isopropanol, acetonitrile, dioxane, benzene, toluene, etc.). The reaction may be carried out in the presence of drying agent such as magnesium sulfate or molecular sieves at a temperature selected from 0° C. to 100° C.

In process (vvv), a 1,5-dicarbonyl group or a masked 1,5-dicarbonyl group prepared by process (sss) may have substitutions (e.g. alkyl, aryl groups etc.) at the alpha and/or beta positions. The condensation may be carried out with anhydrous ammonia in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reactions (e.g. liquid ammonia, isopropanol, acetonitrile, dioxane, benzene, toluene, etc.). The reaction may be carried out at a temperature selected from -40° C. to 100° C.

In process (www), a 1,4-dicarbonyl group or a masked 1,4-dicarbonyl group prepared by process (sss) may have substitutions (e.g. alkyl, aryl groups, etc.) at the alpha position.

The condensation and oxidation may be carried out with anhydrous hydrazine in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reactions (e.g. isopropanol, acetonitrile, dioxane, benzene, toluene, etc.). The reaction may be carried out in the presence of a drying agent such as magnesium sulfate or molecular sieves at a temperature selected from 0° C. to 100° C.

In process (xxx), the thiocarbonate formation may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reactions (e.g. toluene, acetone, methylene chloride, tetrahydrofuran or pyridine, etc.). The reaction may be carried out in the presence of a base such as triethylamine, pyridine, dimethylaminopyridine and sodium carbonate at a temperature selected from 0° C. to 100° C. The thiocarbonylating reagent may be N,N'-thiocarbonyl-diimidazole, N,N'-thiocarbonylbis(2-pyridone), thiophosgene, or O-phenylthiochloroformate.

In process (yyy), the carbonate formation may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reactions (e.g. toluene, acetone, butanone, methylene chloride, tetrahydrofuran or pyridine etc.). The reaction may be carried out in the presence of a base such as triethylamine, pyridine, dimethylaminopyridine and sodium carbonate at a temperature selected from 0° C. to 100° C.

The carbonylating reagent may be N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole, N,N'-carbonyl-bis-(2-pyridone), phosgene, triphosgene, ethyl chloroformate, ethyl trichloroacetate, or o-phenylchloroformate.

In process (zzz), the cyclic phosphonate formation may be carried out by first reacting a diol from a selected compound with phosphorous trichloride followed by the addition of an appropriate alcohol and amine. The alcohol used may be an alkyl alcohol, or an aryl alcohol. The amine used may be primary or secondary. Alternatively, the cyclic phosphonate formation may be carried out by directly reacting the diol from a corresponding compound with an appropriate alkoxyphophoryl dichloride.

The phosphonate formation may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reactions (e.g. carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, methylene chloride, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, etc.). The reaction may be carried out in the presence of a base such as triethylamine, pyridine, dimethylaminopyridine, and sodium carbonate at a temperature selected from 0° C. to 100° C.

In process (aaaa), the reduction of thiocarbonate may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reactions (e.g., toluene or tetrahydrofuran) at a temperature selected from 0° C. to 100° C.

The reducing agent used may be trimethylphosphite, triethylphosphite, trialkylphosphite or tri-n-butyltin hydride.

In process (bbbb), the reduction of a 1,2-dicarbonyl group of a corresponding compound may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reactions (e.g., methanol, ethanol, ethanol, pyridine or N,N-dimethylformamide).

The reducing agents used may be tin amalgam, aluminum amalgam with hydrogen chloride in ethanol, or may be hydrogen sulfide in pyridine or N,N-dimethylformamide.

In process (cccc), the reduction and condensation of a 2-(o-nitrophenyl)-1,3-diketone of a corresponding compound may be carried in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reactions (e.g. ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, ethyl acetate or benzene, etc.).

The reducing agents used may be hydrogen gas over Pd/C, or Pt/C, zinc dust with ammonium chloride, zinc dust with hydrochloric acid at a temperature selected from 0° C. to 100° C.

In process (dddd), triazole formation may be carried out using, but is not limited to an azide derivative with suitable acetylene analogues include diethylacetylene dicarboxylate, dimethylacetylene dicarboxylate, methyl cyanoacetylenecarboxylate, and the likes. The reaction may be conducted above, or below ambient temperature, more preferably from 0° to 50 ° C.

In process (eeee), pyrrole formation may be carried out using, but is not limited to amine compounds with 1,4-dicarbonyl analogues, such as acetonylacetone, and the likes. Suitable solvents include methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, acetonitrile and N,N-dimethylformamide. The reaction may be conducted above, or below ambient temperature, more preferably from 50° to 100° C.

In process (ffff), suitable reagents for vicinal hydroxylation include osmium tetraoxide, potassium permanganate, and iodine in conjunction with silver acetate. Osmium tetroxide is preferably used with a regenerating agent such as hydrogen peroxide, alkaline t-butyl hydroperoxide or N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide, and a solvent that does not adversely affect the reaction, for example diethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran. Potassium permanganate is preferably used in mild conditions, for example alkaline aqueous solution or suspensions. Co-solvents such as t-butanol or acetic acid may also be used. Iodine-silver acetate under `wet` conditions yields ci-diols. Preferably, iodine is used in aqueous acetic acid in the presence of silver acetate. Iodine-silver acetate under `dry` conditions yields trans-diols. Here, the initial reaction is carried out in the absence of water, and final hydrolysis yields the diol. In each case, the oxidation is preferably carried out at a temperature of 0° to 100° C.

Suitable reagents for the oxidative cleavage of the vicinal diol include lead tetraacetate, phenyliodoso acetate, periodic acid or sodium metaperiodate. Suitable solvents for the first two reagents include benzene and glacial acetic acid. The second two reagents are preferably used in aqueous solution. The reaction is preferably carried out at a temperature of 0° to 100° C.

In process (gggg), suitable reagents for the oxidation of an aldehyde of the corresponding compound may include silver oxide, chromic acid and potassium permanganate. In the presence of a variety of catalysts, oxygen may also be used in converting an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid of a corresponding compound. The catalysts may be palladium or platinum oxide. The air oxidation may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g., ethanol, water, acetonitrile, aqueous acetone or pyridine) at a temperature of 0° to 100° C.

In process (hhhh), esters of a corresponding carboxylic acid may be prepared under neutral conditions at room temperature by the reaction of the carboxylic acid with alcohols in the presence of molar amounts of activating reagents such as triphenyl phosphine and diethyl azodicarboxylate, carbodiimides, N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole and 1-methyl-2-halopyridinium iodide. Esters may also be formed by reacting the corresponding carboxylic acid with diazoalkanes in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g., ether, tetrahydrofuran or methylene chloride) at a temperature of from 0° to 100° C.

In process (iiii), the cyclopropanation of the allyl group of a corresponding compound may be carried out with diazoalkanes in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g., ether, methylene chloride or tetrahydrofuran) in the presence of a catalyst such as palladium (II) acetate. The temperature of the reaction is of -15° to 5° C.

In process (jjjj), a pyrrole ring may be produced by reacting a 1,4-dicarbonyl group of a corresponding compound with ammonia, or a substituted amine such as benzylamine or 2-aminoethanol. Suitable solvents include those which do not adversely affect the reaction (e.g., methylene chloride, tetrahydrofuran or dioxane). The reaction is preferably carried out at a temperature of 0° to 100° C.

In process (kkkk), the cyclization of a 1,4-dicarbonyl group of a corresponding compound may be carried out in the presence of a catalytic amount of acid (e.g., acetic acid or arylsulfonic acid). The reaction may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g., methylene chloride, ether, benzene or toluene). The reaction is preferably carried out at a temperature of 0° to 60 ° C.

In process (llll), suitable reagents include air, a palladium (II) halide (e.g. palladium (II) chloride), in conjunction with a cuprous halide (e.g. cupper (I) chloride). Suitable solvents include those that do not adversely affect the reaction (e.g. DMF and water). The reaction is preferably carried out at a temperature of 0° to 100° C.

In process (nnnn), suitable reducing agents include but are not limited to sodium cyanoborohydride, lithium aluminum hydride, borane-pyridine, or hydrogen in the presence of such catalysts as Raney nickel, platinum, platinum oxide, or palladium. An acidic environment may promote the reduction in some cases, and acids such as hydrochloric acid or p-toluenesulfonic acid may be added for this purpose. The reduction may be carried out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g. ethanol, ethyl acetate).

In process (oooo), reduction of an oxime to the corresponding amine may be accomplished with but not limited to hydrogenation with a suitable catalyst such as palladium on carbon in a solvent inert to the reaction conditions (e.g. ethanol) at temperatures ranging from 0° to 100° C.

In process (pppp), reduction of an enone to the corresponding saturated ketone may be accomplished with but not limited to hydrogenation with a suitable catalyst such as either palladium on carbon or rhodium on alumina in a solvent inert to the reaction conditions (e.g. methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, ethyl acetate) in a temperature range from -78° to 100° C.

In process (qqqq), isoxazoline formation may be accomplished by, but not limited to the following sets of reaction conditions involving a beta-hydroxy oxime. One possible method is to treat the beta-hydroxy oxime with Martin's sulfurane dehydrating reagent at or near room temperature in a solvent inert to the reaction conditions such as methylene chloride. Alternatively, the beta-hydroxy oxime may be treated with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride in a solvent such as pyridine at temperatures ranging from 0° to 100° C.

In process (rrrr), an intramolecular aldol reaction may be accomplished by, but is not limited to treatment of a carbonyl with a base such as potassium or sodium hydride in a solvent which is inert to the reaction conditions (e.g. tetrahydrofuran or N,N-dimethylformamide) at a temperature range from -78° to 150° C.

In process (ssss), a cyclic imine may be formed by, but is not limited to treatment of an alpha,beta-unsaturated enone with the sodium enolate of a glycine ester imine in an inert solvent such as tetrahydrofuran in a temperature range from -78° to 100° C. Upon aqueous workup, the imine hydrolyzes and spontaneously cyclizes to form the cyclic imine.

In process (tttt), a substituted pyrrole may be formed by but is not limited to a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between an alpha,beta-unsaturated enone with a glycine ester imine in the presence of a suitable catalyst such as lithium bromide and triethylamine in a solvent inert to the reaction conditions (e.g. tetrahydrofuran) at or near room temperature.

In process (uuuu), alpha diazoketones can be decomposed by exposure to UV light or by heating. Wolff rearrangements often ensue yielding beta-keto carboxylic acids when run in a solvent mixture containing water, beta-keto esters when run in a solvent containing an alcohol, or beta-keto amides when run in a solvent containing ammonia, a primary or a secondary amine.

Moreover, in process (vvvv), if a beta-keto carboxylic acid is formed, decarboxylation can occur spontaneously or by heating.

In process (yyyy), aryl-, heterocyclic-, or alkyloxycarbonylation may be carried out using aryl-, heterocyclic-, or alkyl- chloroformate in the presence of amines like triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, pyridine and the like. Alternatively, the reaction may be carried out by reacting the corresponding aryl-OH, heterocyclic-OH or alkyl-OH with --CHOC(O)Cl or --CHOC(O)-(p-nitrophenyl) in a corresponding compound in the presence of amine base. The reaction may be carded out in a solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction (e.g. acetone, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine and N,N-dimethylformamide, or a mixture thereof). The reaction may be conducted above, at or below ambient temperature.

In process (zzzz) allylic oxidations may be carded out using selenium dioxide with or without a co-oxidant, such as tert-butyl hydroperoxide, in an inert solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, ether, ethylacetate, water, or a combination thereof. The reaction may be conducted at room temperature to 100° C.

The compounds of the present invention are formed by modification of FR-900520 (ascomycin) or one of its congeners (such as FK-506, etc.) by alkylation of the C-32-hydroxyl group with optional modifications exercised at C-18 and/or C-21 and/or C-23 and/or C-24. The compounds, processes and uses of the present invention will be better understood in connection with the following examples, which are intended as an illustration of and certainly not a limitation upon the scope of the invention. Both below and throughout the specification, it is intended that citations to the literature are expressly incorporated by reference.

EXAMPLE 1 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)OC₂ H₅ (R-Configuration)

A solution of ascomycin (0.5 g, 0.63 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 mL) containing rhodium(II)acetate dimer (3 mg) was refluxed while ethyl diazoacetate (66 uL, 0.63 mmol) in dichloromethane (1 mL) was added dropwise. After complete addition the reaction was refluxed for 30 minutes and additional ethyl diazoacetate (132 uL, 1.26 mmol) in dichloromethane (1.5 mL) was added dropwise with reflux continuing 30 minutes after complete addition. Solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue purified by HPLC on silica gel eluting with hexane:acetone (3:1). Fractions containing desired product were pooled, concentrated, dissolved in CCl₄, and concentrated to constant weight under high vacuum to give the desired product (274 mg) as an oil in 50% yield. IR (CDCl₃) 3500, 2930, 1742, 1700, 1645, 1452 cm⁻¹ ; ¹³ C NMR (125 MHz) delta9.4, 11.7, 14.1, 14.2, 15.8, 16.2, 20.5, 21.1, 24.2, 24.6, 26.3, 27.6, 30.3, 30.8, 32.7, 32.9, 33.6, 34.6, 36.4, 39.2, 39.7, 43.1, 48.7, 54.7, 56.3, 56.6, 56.9, 57.2, 60.6, 68.5, 70.1, 72.9, 73.7, 75.2, 77.2, 82.8, 83.6, 97.0, 123.1, 129.6, 132.4, 138.7, 164.7, 169.0, 171.1, 196.1, 213.5; MS (FAB) m/z: M+K=916; Anal. calc'd. for C₄₇ H₇₅ NO₁₄.1.0 CCl₄ : C, 54.70; H, 7.33; N, 1.36. Found: C, 54.42; H, 7.22; N, 1.26.

EXAMPLE 2 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)OCH₂ C₆ H₅ (R-Configuration)

The prior procedure was modified using benzyl diazoacetate instead of ethyl diazoacetate. Ascomycin (0.5 g) provided title compound (0.1 g) in 20% yield. mp. 65°-72° C.; IR (CDCl₃) 3510, 2930, 1740, 1695, 1642, 1450 cm⁻¹ ; ¹³ C NMR (125 MHz) delta9.4, 11.7, 14.1, 15.8, 16.2, 20.4, 21.1, 24.1, 24.5, 26.3, 27.6, 30.3, 30.8, 32.7, 32.8, 34.4, 34.5, 36.3, 39.2, 39.6, 43.1, 48.6, 53.4, 54.6, 56.3, 56.6, 57.1, 66.3, 68.5, 70.1, 72.8, 73.6, 75.1, 76.8, 82.7, 83.6, 96.9, 123.0, 128.3, 128.4, 128.5, 129.5, 132.3, 135.6, 138.7, 164.7, 168.9, 171.0, 196.2, 213.4; MS (FAB) m/z: M+H--H₂ O=922, M+K=978. Anal. calc'd. for C₅₂ H₇₇ NO₁₄ : C, 66.43; H, 8.26; N, 1.49. Found: C, 66.12; H, 8.14; N, 1.41.

EXAMPLE 3 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)OH (R-Configuration)

The resultant product of Example 2 (25 mg, 0.03 mmol) and 10% Pd/C (3 mg), were placed in a flask and the vessel was flushed with nitrogen for 10 min. Methanol (250 uL) was added via syringe, and the reaction stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere (1 arm) for 45 min. The mixture was filtered, the catalyst washed with additional methanol (1 mL), and the solvent removed in vacuo. The resulting residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate (5 mL) and water (5 mL), the organic layer was dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to constant weight, thus producing the title compound (23 mg) as a white powder. MS (FAB) m/z: M+K=888.

EXAMPLE 4 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =benzyl

The product of Example 3 (0.50 g, 0.59 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (5 mL) and the solution cooled to 0° C. 4-Dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) (14.4 mg, .0.118 mmol) was added followed by 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDAC) (206 mg, 1.07 mmol) then benzylamine (128.3 uL, 1.18 mmol). The reaction was warmed to room temperature and stirred overnight. Ethyl acetate (150 mL) was added and the organic phase washed with 1N hydrochloric acid (HCl) (2×150 mL), saturated bicarbonate solution (2×150 mL), and then brine (2×150 mL). The organic layer was dried using anhydrous sodium sulfate(Na₂ SO₄), filtered, and solvent removed in vacuo to give 395.7 mg yellow foam. The crude product was purified by HPLC (30×300 mm silica column) eluting with 2:1 hexane/acetone. Fractions containing product were combined and solvent removed in vacuo to give the title compound (273.2 mg, 49% yield) as a white solid: MS (FAB) m/z: (M+K)=977.

EXAMPLE 5 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═CH₃ ; R¹⁵ =benzyl

The resultant product of Example 3 (0.8 g, 0.94 mmol) was dissolved in THF (3 mL) and the solution cooled to 0° C. before adding N-methylmorpholine (103.4 uL, 0.94 mmol) followed by isobutyl chloroformate (122.2 uL, 0.94 mmol). The resulting suspension was stirred for 20 minutes at 0° C. after which N-methylbenzylamine (243 uL, 1.88 mmol) was added. Stirring was continued overnight as the ice melted. The reaction mixture was loaded onto silica (40 mL) in a fritted funnel then eluted with dichloromethane (100 mL), 2:1 hexane/acetone (200 mL), 1:1 hexane/acetone (200 mL), and acetone (100 mL). Fractions containing product were combined and solvent removed in vacuo to give 0.64 g yellow foam. The crude product was further purified by HPLC (30×300 mm silica column) eluting with 1.5:1 hexane/acetone to provide the title compound (523 mg, 58% yield) as a white foam. MS (FAB)m/z: (M+K)=991.

EXAMPLE 6 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═R¹⁵ ═H

The crude isolate from Example 81 (1.5 g, ˜1.2 mmol) was dissolved in THF (4 mL) and the solution cooled to 0° C. before adding N-methylmorpholine (129.4 uL, 1.2 mmol) followed by isobutyl chloroformate (152.8 uL, 0.59 mmol). The resulting suspension was stirred for 20 minutes at 0° C. after which ammonium hydroxide (14.8M, 159.2 uL, 2.4 mmol) was added. Stirring was continued overnight as the ice melted. The reaction mixture was loaded onto silica (80 mL) in a fritted funnel then eluted with dichloromethane (200 mL), 2:1 hexane/acetone (400 mL), 1:1 hexane/acetone (400 mL), and acetone (200 mL). Fractions containing product were combined and solvent removed in vacuo to give 358 mg yellow foam. The crude product was further purified by RP-HPLC (Rainin Dynamax 41.4 mm phenyl column) eluting with a gradient of 20% methanol/water and acetonitrile to provide the title compound (188.7 mg, 19% yield) as a white foam. MS (FAB)m/z: (M+K)=887.

EXAMPLE 7 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ ═CH₃

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with methylamine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to provide the title compound.

EXAMPLE 8 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═R¹⁵ ═CH₃

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with dimethylamine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to provide the title compound.

EXAMPLE 9 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═R¹⁵ =ethyl

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with ethylamine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to provide the title compound.

EXAMPLE 10 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═CH₃ ; R¹⁵ ═ethyl

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with N,N-methyl,ethylamine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to provide the title compound.

EXAMPLE 11 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =--CH₂ CH₂ CH₃

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with propylamine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to provide the title compound.

EXAMPLE 12 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═CH₃ ; R¹⁵ =--CH₂ CH₂ CH₃

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with N,N-methyl,propylamine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to provide the title compound.

EXAMPLE 13 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =--CH(CH₃)₂

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with 2-aminopropane instead of N-methylbenzylamine to provide the title compound,

EXAMPLE 14 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═CH_(3;) R¹⁵ =--CH(CH₃)₂

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with N,N-methyl, 2-propylamine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to provide the title compound.

EXAMPLE 15 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =cyclopropyl

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with cyclopropylamine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to provide the title compound.

EXAMPLE 16 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =--CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₃

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with n-butylamine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to provide the title compound,

EXAMPLE 17 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═CH₃ ; R¹⁵ =--CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₃

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with N,N-methylbutylamine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to provide the title compound.

EXAMPLE 18 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =--CH₂ CH(CH₃)₂

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with isobutylamine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to provide the title compound,

EXAMPLE 19 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═CH₃ ; R¹⁵ =--CH₂ CH(CH₃)₂

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with N,N-methyl,isobutylamine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to provide the title compound.

EXAMPLE 20 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =cyclobutyl

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with cyclobutylamine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to provide the title compound.

EXAMPLE 21 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =--CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₃

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with pentylamine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to provide the title compound.

EXAMPLE 22 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═CH₃ ; R¹⁵ =--CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₃

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with N,N-methyl,pentylamine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to provide the title compound.

EXAMPLE 23 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =--CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ (CH₃)₂

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with 3-methylbutylamine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to provide the title compound.

EXAMPLE 24 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═CH₃ ; R¹⁵ ═--CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ (CH₃)₂

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with N,N-methyl,3-methylbutylamine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to provide the title compound.

EXAMPLE 25 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =cyclopentyl

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with cyclopentylamine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to provide the title compound.

EXAMPLE 26 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ ═--CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₃

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with n-hexylamine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to provide the title compound.

EXAMPLE 27 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═CH₃ ; R¹⁵ ═--CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₃

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with N,N-methyl,hexylamine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to provide the title compound.

EXAMPLE 28 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =cyclohexyl

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 5 and then treated with cyclohexylamine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to provide the title compound. MS (FAB) m/z: M+H=931.

EXAMPLE 29 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--CH₂ CH₂ OCH₂ CH₂ --, thus forming a six membered ring incorporating the nitrogen to which they are attached

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 4 and then treated with morpholine instead of benzylamine to give the title compound. MS (FAB)m/z: (M+K)=957.

EXAMPLE 30 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =--CH₂ CH₂ OH

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 4 and then treated with 2-aminoethanol instead of benzylamine to give the title compound. MS (FAB)m/z: (M+K)=931.

EXAMPLE 31 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =--CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ OH

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 4 and then treated with 3-aminopropanol instead of benzylamine to give the title compound. MS (FAB)m/z: (M+K)=945.

EXAMPLE 32 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =--CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ OH

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 5 and then treated with 4-aminobutanol instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound. MS (FAB)m/z: (M+K)=959.

EXAMPLE 33 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =--CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ OH

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with 5-hydroxypentylamine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to provide the title compound.

EXAMPLE 34 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =--CH₂ CH₂ NH₂

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5, and then treated with 1,2-diaminoethane instead of N-methylbenzylamine to provide the title compound.

EXAMPLE 35 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =--CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ NH₂

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5, and then treated with 1,3-diaminopropane instead of N-methylbenzylamine to provide the title compound.

EXAMPLE 36 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =--CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ NH₂

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5, and then treated with 1,4-diaminobutane instead of N-methylbenzylamine to provide the title compound.

EXAMPLE 37 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =--CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ NH₂

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5, and then treated with 1,5-diaminopentane instead of N-methylbenzylamine to provide the title compound.

EXAMPLE 38 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =--CH₂ CO₂ CH₂ Ph

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 4 and then treated with glycine benzyl ester instead of benzylamine to give the title compound. MS (FAB)m/z: (M+K)=1035.

EXAMPLE 39 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =--CH₂ CO₂ H

The title con,pound was synthesized in the manner described in Example 3 substituting the product from Example 38 for the product from Example 2. MS (FAB)m/z: (M+K)=945.

EXAMPLE 40 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =--CH₂ CH₂ CO₂ CH₂ Ph

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 4 and then treated with beta-alanine benzyl ester instead of benzylamine to give the title compound. MS (FAB)m/z: (M+K)=1049.

EXAMPLE 41 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =--CH₂ CH₂ CO₂ H

The title compound was synthesized in the manner described in Example 3 substituting the product from Example 40 for the product from Example2. MS (FAB)m/z: (M+K)=959.

EXAMPLE 42 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =--CH(CH₃)CO₂ H (R configuration)

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5, and then treated with (R)-2-aminopropanoic acid instead of N-methylbenzylamine to provide the title compound.

EXAMPLE 43 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =--CH(CH₃)CO₂ H (S configuration)

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5, and then treated with (S)-2-aminopropanoic acid instead of N-methylbenzylamine to provide the title compound.

EXAMPLE 44 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =--CH(CH3)CONHCH(CH3)CONHCH(CH3)CO2H (all chiral centers in R¹⁵ are R configuration)

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5, and then treated with D-alaninyl-D-alaninyl-D-alanine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to provide the title compound.

EXAMPLE 45 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =3-phenyl-phenyl

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with 3-biphenylamine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 46 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═CH₂ CH₂ OH; R¹⁵ 3-phenyl-phenyl

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with N,N-(ethanol-2-yl)-(3-biphenyl)-amine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 47 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ =--CH₂ CH₂ N(CH₃)(CH₂ CH₂ OH); R¹⁵ =phenyl

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with N-phenyl-N'-methyl-N'-(ethanol-2-yl)-ethyldiamine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 48 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═CH₂ CH₂ N(CH₃)₂ ; R¹⁵ =phenyl

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with N-phenyl-N',N'-dimethyl-ethyldiamine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 49 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═CH₂ (3-pyridyl); R¹⁵ =CH₂ (3-pyridyl)

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 5 and then treated with 3,3'-dipipicolylamine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound. MS (FAB) m/z: M+K=1069.

EXAMPLE 50 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ =cyclohexyl

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with dicyclohexylamine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 51 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =NH-(4-morpholinyl)

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 5 and then treated with 1 equivalent of 4-aminomorpholine and 0.1 equivalents of 4-dimethylaminopyridine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound. MS (FAB) m/z: M+K=972.

EXAMPLE 52 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =4-thiomorpholinyl

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 5 and then treated with thiomorpholine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound. MS (FAB) m/z: M+K=973.

EXAMPLE 53 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =4-CF₃ -phenyl

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 4 and then treated with 4-aminobenzotrifluoride instead of benzylamine to give the title compound. MS (FAB)m/z: (M+K)=1031.

EXAMPLE 54 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =4-F-phenyl

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 4 and then treated with 4-fluoroaniline instead of benzylamine to give the title compound. MS (FAB)m/z: (M+K)=981.

EXAMPLE 55 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =1-(4-morpholino)phenyl

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 4 and then treated with 4-morpholinoaniline instead of benzylamine to give the title compound. MS (FAB)m/z: (M+K)=1048.

EXAMPLE 56 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =4-HO-phenyl

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 5 and then treated with p-aminophenol instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound. MS (FAB)m/z: (M+K)=979.

EXAMPLE 57 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =3-pyridyl

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 5 and then treated with 3-aminopyridine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound. MS (FAB)m/z: (M+K)=964.

EXAMPLE 58 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =4-pyridyl

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 5 and then treated with 4-aminopyridine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound. MS (FAB)m/z: (M+K)=964.

EXAMPLE 59 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =2-pyridyl

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 5 and then treated with 2-aminopyridine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound. MS (FAB)m/z: (M+K)=964.

EXAMPLE 60 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═CH₃ R¹⁵ ═CH₂ CH₂ OH

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 5 and then treated with 2-(methylamino)ethanol instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound. MS (FAB)m/z: (M+K)=945.

EXAMPLE 61 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ ═NHCO₂ CH₃

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with methylcarbazate instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 62 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² =L-prolinocarboxamide

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with L-prolinecarboxamide instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 63 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² =D-prolinocarboxamide

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with D-Prolinecarboxamide instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 64 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² =L-prolinol

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with L-prolinol instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 65 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² =D-prolinol

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with D-prolinol instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 66 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR⁸ NR⁶ R⁷ ; R⁸ =--CH₂ CH₂ OH; R⁶ ═H, R⁷ ═CO₂ CH₃

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with N-(ethanol-2-yl)-N'-carbomethoxy-hydrazine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 67 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =3-(phenylethynyl)phenyl

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with 3-phenylethynylaniline instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 68 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ OH; R¹⁵ =4-fluorophenyl

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with 3-(4-fluoroanilino)-1-propanol instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 69 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ OCOCH₂ CH₂ CO₂ H; R¹⁵ =4-fluorophenyl

The product of Example 68 is treated with succinic anhydride, as published in Tetrahedron Letts. 1989, 30, 5045-48, to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 70 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are taken together as the following diradical, --CH₂ CH₂ C(OCH₂ CH₂ O)CH₂ CH₂ --

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 5 and then treated with 1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro 4.5!decane instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound. MS (FAB) m/z: M+K=1013.

EXAMPLE 71 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR⁸ NR⁶ R⁷ ; R⁸ ═H; R⁶ =--CO-(4pyridyl)

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 5 and then treated with isonicotinic acid hydrazide instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound. MS (FAB) m/z: M+K=1007.

EXAMPLE 72 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ 3-fluorophenyl

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 5 and then treated with m-fluoroaniline instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound. MS (FAB) m/z: M+2K-H=1045.

EXAMPLE 73 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =3-hydroxy-phenyl

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 5 and then treated with m-aminophenol instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound. MS (FAB) m/z: M+K=979.

EXAMPLE 74 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are taken together as the following diradical: --CH₂ CH₂ --NCH₃ --CH₂ CH₂ --

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 5 and then treated with N-methylpiperazine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound. MS (FAB) m/z: M+H=932.

EXAMPLE 75 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =6-(1,4-benzodioxanyl)-

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with 1,4-benzodioxan-6-amine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 76 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =3,4-methylenedioxy-phenyl-

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with 3,4-(methylenedioxy)-aniline instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 77 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =1-naphthalenyl

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with 1-naphthylamine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 78 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; where R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ taken together=--CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ --, thus forming a five membered ring incorporating and nitrogen to which they are attached

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with pyrrolidine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to provide the title compound.

EXAMPLE 79 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; where R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ taken together=--CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ --, thus forming a six membered ring incorporating the nitrogen to which they are attached

The title compound was isolated as a by-product of the reaction described in Example 6. The product was purified by HPLC (30×300 mm silica column) eluting with 5:4 acetonitrile/dichloromethane. Fractions containing pure product were combined and solvent removed in vacuo to give the title compound as a white foam (215.5 mg, 23% yield). MS (FAB)m/z: (M+K)=955.

EXAMPLE 80 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)OCH₂ (9-fluorenyl)(R-Configuration)

Ascomycin (10 g, 0.012 mol) was dissolved in distilled CH₂ Cl₂ (50 ml). Rhodium (II) acetate dimer (100 mg) was added and the mixture cooled to 0° C. 9-Fluorenylmethyl diazoacetate (3.35 g, 0.012 mol) was dissolved in CH₂ Cl₂ (10 mL) and the solution added to the reaction via syringe pump at a rate of approximately 0.5 mL/hour. Addition was complete in approximately 24 hours. The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for an additional 24 hours then loaded onto silica (230-400 mesh, 400 g) and the solvent evaporated by airflow in the hood. The adsorbed silica was layered over fresh silica (800 g) in a 1 L fritted glass funnel. The silica plug was eluted with the following solvents: CH₂ Cl₂ (2 L), 3:1 CH₂ Cl₂ /CH₃ CN (4 L), 2:1 CH₂ Cl₂ /CH₃ CN (3 L), and 1:1 CH₂ Cl₂ /CH₃ CN (3 L). Fractions containing were combined and concentrated in vacuo to give 7.32 g yellow foam. Fractions containing ascomycin were combined and concentrated in vacuo to give 3.30 g green foam (contains some catalyst). The product was further purified by HPLC (silica gel, 230-400 mesh, 50×500 mm column) eluting with 3.5:1 hexane/acetone at a flow rate of 80 ml/min. Fractions containing purest material were combined and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound as a white foam (4.0 g, 45% yield based on recovered ascomycin). IR (KBr) 3440, 1740, 1710 (sh), 1650 cm⁻¹ ; MS (FAB) m/z 1066 (M+K).

Anal. calcd. for C₅₉ H₈₁ NO₁₄.0.7 H₂ O: C, 68.08; H, 7.98; N, 1.35. Found: C, 68.11; H, 7.88; N, 1.51.

EXAMPLE 81 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H: R⁴ ═OH: R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)OH (R-Configuration)

The resultant product of Example 80 (5.10 g, 5 mmol) was dissolved in CH₂ Cl₂ (45 mL), whereupon piperidine (5 ml) was added. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours then transferred to a separatory funnel, diluted with additional CH₂ Cl₂ (100 mL), then washed with 1N HCl (2×100 mL) and brine (2×100 mL). The organic layer was dried (Na₂ SO₄), filtered, and the solvent removed in vacuo to give 5.08 g of a mixture of the title compound and N-(9-fluorenylmethyl)piperidine. MS (FAB) m/z 888 (M+K), 926 (M+2K-H)

EXAMPLE 82 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁵ =--CH₂ CH₂ C₆ H₅

The product of Example 81 (100 mg, 0.118 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (1 mL) and the solution cooled to 0° C. HOBT.H₂ O (21.6 mg, 0.142 mmol) was added followed by EDAC (27.1 mg, 0.142 mmol) then phenethylamine (26.7 μL, 0.212 mmol). The reaction was warmed to room temperature and stirred overnight. Dichloromethane (10 mL) was added and the organic phase washed with 1N HCl (2×20 mL), saturated bicarbonate solution (2×20 mL), and then brine (2×20 mL). The organic layer was dried (Na₂ SO₄), filtered, and solvent removed in vacuo to give 87.5 mg yellow foam. The crude product was purified by HPLC (20×300 mm silica column) eluting with 2:1 hexane/acetone. Fractions containing product were combined and solvent removed in vacuo to give the title compound (49.6 mg, 44% yield) as a white solid: 93°-105° C. (mp); IR (KBr) 3435, 1740, 1700, 1650 cm⁻¹ ; MS (FAB) m/z 953 (M+H), 991 (M+K).

Anal. calcd. for C₅₃ H₈₀ N₂ O₁₃ : C, 66.78; H, 8.46; N, 2.94. Found: C, 67.13; H, 8.33; N, 3.04.

EXAMPLE 83 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═CH₃ R¹⁵ =--CH₂ CH₂ C₆ H₅

Example 82 was repeated substituting N,N-methyl, 2-phenylethyl amine for 2-phenylethylamine to provide the title compound. MS (FAB) m/z: M+K=1005.

EXAMPLE 84 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² =--HN(CH₂)₅ NH-dansyl

The title compound was synthesized in the manner described for Example 82 substituting dansyl cadaverine for 2-phenylethylamine. IR (KBr) 3420, 1740, 1700, 1645 cm⁻¹ ; MS (FAB) m/z 1205 (M+K).

Anal. calcd. for C₆₂ H₉₄ N₄ O₁₅ S: C, 63.78; H, 8.12; N, 4.80. Found: C, 63.43; H, 8.25; N, 4.48.

EXAMPLE 85 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² =--HNC₆ H₅

The title compound was synthesized in the manner described for Example 82 substituting aniline for 2-phenylethylamine. 112°-120° C. (mp); IR (KBr) 3440, 3400 (sh), 3300 (sh), 1740, 1700, 1650, 1540, 1500 cm⁻¹ ; MS (FAB) m/z 963 (M+K).

Anal. calcd. for C₅₁ H₇₆ N₂ O₁₃ : C, 66.21; H, 8.28; N, 3.03. Found: C, 66.11; H, 8.15; N, 3.23.

EXAMPLE 86 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² =--HN(CH₂)₂ N(CH₂ CH₂)₂ O

The title compound was synthesized in the manner described for Example 5 substituting 2-(4-morpholino)-ethylamine for N-methylbenzylamine. MS (FAB) m/z: M+H=962.

EXAMPLE 87 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² =--HN(CH₂)₃ N(CH₂ CH₂)₂ O

The title compound was synthesized in the manner described for Example 82 substituting 3-(4-morpholino)-propylamine for 2-phenylethylamine. MS (FAB) m/z: M+K=1014.

EXAMPLE 88 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² =--HN(CH₂)₂ N(CH₃)₂

The title compound was synthesized in the manner described for Example 5substituting 2-dimethylamino-ethylamine for N-methylbenzylamine. MS (FAB) m/z: M+H=920.

EXAMPLE 89 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² =--HN(CH₂)₃ N(CH₃)₂

The title compound was synthesized in the manner described for Example 82 substituting 3-dimethylamino-propylamine for 2-phenylethylamine. MS (FAB) m/z: M+H=934.

EXAMPLE 90 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² =--(S)-HNCH(CH₂ C₆ H₅)CO₂ CH₂ Ph

The title compound was synthesized in the manner described for Example 82 substituting L-phenylalanine benzylester for 2-phenylethylamine. MS (FAB) m/z 1125 (M+K).

EXAMPLE 91 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² =--(S)-HNCH(CH₂ C₆ H₅)CO₂ H

The title compound was synthesized in the manner described in Example 3 substituting the product from Example 90 for the product from Example 2. IR (CDCl₃) 1740, 1700(sh), 1645 cm⁻¹ ; MS (FAB) m/z 1035 (M+K).

EXAMPLE 92 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═(R)--HNCH(CH₂ C₆ H₅)CO₂ CH₂ Ph

The title compound is synthesized in the manner described for Example 82 substituting D-phenylalanine benzylester for 2-phenylethylamine.

EXAMPLE 93 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═(R)--HNCH(CH₂ C₆ H₅)CO₂ H

The title compound is synthesized in the manner described in Example 3 substituting the product from Example 92 for the product from Example 2.

EXAMPLE 94 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² =--HN(CH₂)₂ SH

The product of Example 3 (1.2 g, 1.4 mmol) was dissolved in THF (4.5 mL) and the solution cooled to 0° C. before adding N-methylmorpholine (155.1 uL, 1.4 mmol) followed by isobutyl chloroformate (122.2 uL, 1.4 mmol). The resulting suspension was stirred for 20 minutes at 0° C. then 2-aminoethanethiol hydrochloride(320.8 mg, 2.8 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred for 3 h at room temperature before addition of more N-methylmorpholine (387.8 uL, 3.5 mmol). The reaction was stirred overnight, loaded onto silica (40 mL) in a fritted funnel, then eluted with dichloromethane (100 mL), 1:1 hexane/acetone (200 mL), followed by acetone (100 mL). Fractions containing product were combined and solvent removed in vacuo to give 0.83 g yellow foam. The crude product was further purified by HPLC (30×300 mm silica column) eluting with 1.25:1 hexane/acetone to provide the title compound (320 mg, 25% yield) as a white foam. MS (FAB)m/z: (M+K)=947.

EXAMPLE 95 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² =--HN(CH₂)₃ SH

The title compound is synthesized in the manner described for Example 94 substituting 3-amino-propanethiol for 2-aminoethanethiol.

EXAMPLE 96 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)OC₂ H₅ (R-Configuration)

Silver (I) oxide (926 mg, 4.0 mmol) was added to ascomycin (791 mg, 1.0 mmol) dissolved in acetonitrile (0.8 mL) and ethyl iodoacetate (828 μL, 7.0 mmol). Mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 days, removed volatiles in vacuo, and isolated product by chromatography on silica gel as described in Example 1. Spectral data were identical to those obtained for the product of Example 1.

EXAMPLE 97 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ H; R¹⁵ =2-naphthyl

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with 2-naphthylamine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 98 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═H; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)OCH₂ Ph (R-Configuration); R⁴ and R⁵ taken together form a bond

The product of Example 2 (4.7 g, 5.0 mmol) was dissolved in toluene (7.5 mL) and triethylamine (5 mL). At 0° C. methanesulfonic anhydride (2.58 g, 15.0 mmol) and 4-dimethylamino-pyridine (180 mg, 1.5 mmol) were added all at once. The reaction mixture was then stirred at ambient temperature for 18 h, concentrated to constant weight in vacuo, and then filtered remaining residue through silica gel (70-230 mesh, 40 mL) eluting with hexane (1:1) until no more desired product eluted. The eluant was concentrated to dryness and further purified by HPLC on a 30×500mm column (230-400 mesh SiO₂), eluting with hexane:acetone (4:1). Fractions containing desired product were pooled and concentrated in vacuo to provide the title compound (2.2 g). MS (FAB)m/z: (M+K)=960.

EXAMPLE 99 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁴ ═R⁵ ═H; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)OH (R-Configuration)

The product of Example 98 (2.2 g, 2.4 mmol) was dissolved in EtOH (150 mL), to which was added 10% palladium on carbon (0.22 g). After shaking under hydrogen (1 atm) atmosphere for 5 hours, the catalyst was filtered from the mixture and the solution was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude material is purified by chromatography as follows. A coarse fritted 350 mL Buchner funnel was charged with 230-400 mesh SiO₂ (175 mL). The silica bed was wetted with CH₂ Cl₂ :i-PrOH (10:1 with 0.5% AcOH), and tamped to constant volume, whereupon a circle of filter paper was placed over the bed. A solution of the crude product in CH₂ Cl₂ :i-PrOH (10:1 with 0.5% AcOH) was then carefully loaded to the top of the column. The pad was eluted with 1 L of the same collecting 50 mL fractions throughout. The title product eluted in fractions 4 and 5, which concentrated down to 924 mg. MS (FAB) m/z: M+K=872.

EXAMPLE 100 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═R⁵ ═H; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵, where R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are taken together as the diradical: --CH₂ CH₂ OCH₂ CH₂ --

The product of example 99 is activated as in example 5 and treated with morpholine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 101 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =4-(H₂ NSO₂)phenyl-

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with sulfanilamide instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 102 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are taken together as the following diradical: --CH₂ CH₂ N(CH₂ CH₂ OH)CH₂ CH₂ --

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 5 and then treated with N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-piperazine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 103 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═CH₃ ; R¹⁵ =phenyl

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 5 and then treated with N-methylaniline instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound. MS (FAB) m/z: M+K=977.

EXAMPLE 104 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═R¹⁵ --CH₂ CH₂ OH

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 5 and then treated with N,N-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-amine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound. MS (FAB) m/z: M+K=975.

EXAMPLE 105 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═CH₃ R¹⁵ =--CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ N(CH₃)₂

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 5 and then treated with N,N'-methyl-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-amine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound. MS (FAB) m/z: M+H=948.

EXAMPLE 106 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ =phenyl R¹⁵ ═CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ OH

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 5 and then treated with N,N-phenyl-(3-hydroxypropyl)-amine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound. MS (FAB) m/z: M+K=1021.

EXAMPLE 107 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =--CH(CH₂ OH)₂

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 5 and then treated with serinol instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound. MS (FAB) m/z: M+K=961.

EXAMPLE 108 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R² ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =--3(CF₃)-phenyl

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 5 and then treated with 3-trifluoromethylaniline instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound. MS (FAB) m/z: M+K=1031.

EXAMPLE 109 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration): R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═R¹⁵ --CH₂ CN

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 5 and then treated with iminodiacetonitrile instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound. MS (FAB) m/z: M+K=965.

EXAMPLE 110 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration): R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are taken together as the following diradical: --CH₂ CH₂ --

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 5 and then treated with aziridine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound. MS (FAB) m/z: M+K=913.

EXAMPLE 111 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ;R¹ =--OCH₂ NH(CO)NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ (R-Configuration); R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are taken together as the following diradical: --CH₂ CH₂ OCH₂ CH₂ --

The product of Example 3 (0.5 g, 0.58 mmol) in THF(6 mL) was stirred together with N-methylpiperidine (146 uL, 1.2 mmol) and diphenylphosphorylazide (258 uL, 1.2 mmol) at ambient temperature for 5 minutes, then at reflux for 3 h. The stirring solution was cooled to ambient temperature and treated with morpholine (157 uL, 1.8 mmol) for 60 h. The mixture was purified by HPLC on a column 20×300 mm (YMC 15u, 60 Å spherical SiO₂) eluting with a step gradient of hexane:acetone (1:1) then hexane:acetone (2:3), to provide 440 mg (0.47 mmol) of pure title compound. MS (FAB)m/z: (M+K)=972.

EXAMPLE 112 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ NH(CO)NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ (R-Configuration); R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =phenyl

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 111 and then treated with aniline instead of morpholine to give the title compound. MS (FAB) m/z: M+K=978.

EXAMPLE 113 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ NHC(O)R¹⁴ (R-Configuration); R¹⁴ =phenyl

The product of Example 3 is activated as in Example 111 and then treated with benzoic acid instead of morpholine, whereupon the mixture is heated. Purification by chromatography on silica gel provides the title compound.

EXAMPLE 114 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH: R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)OCH₂ C₆ H₅ (R-Configuration)

Foamed ascomycin (50 g, 63 mmol, crystalline material completely dissolved in methylene chloride then concentrated to a dry foam) and benzyl iodoacetate (104 g, 378 mmol, 6 eq) were mixed together, then dissolved in acetonitrile (24 mL) by stirring with an overhead mixer until homogeneous. The solution was cooled to 0° C. whereupon Ag₂ O (58.4 g, 252 retool, 4 eq) was added portionwise over 15 minutes (ca. 15 additions). After complete addition and mixing (5 minutes after last addition), the ice bath was removed and the reaction allowed to stir at ambient temperature for 7 days. Diethyl ether (125 mL) was added to the reaction mixture and this was then poured over silica gel (70-230 mesh, 400 mL), mixed and allowed to air dry over night. A 3 L coarse fritted Buchner funnel was charged with silica gel (70-230 mesh, 2 L) and the adsorbed silica carefully layered over the fresh bed, followed by a filter paper disk. The column was eluted with CH₂ Cl₂ (4 L), CH₂ Cl₂ :CH₃ CN (9:1, 10 L), CH₂ Cl₂ :CH₃ CN (3:1, 8 L), CH₂ Cl₂ :CH₃ CN (1:1, 2 L), and acetone (4 L), collecting 1 L fractions throughout. Desired product eluted in fractions 14-20 to provide a compound that was identical to the title product of Example 2 (25.6 g, 27.3 mmol) as a pale yellow foam.

EXAMPLE 115 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ NH(CO)NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ (R-Configuration); R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =--CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ OH

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 111 and then treated with 3-aminopropanol instead of morpholine to give the title compound. MS (FAB) m/z: M+K=960.

EXAMPLE 116 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =6-carbomethoxymethylmercaptopurine hydrazid-yl

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 5 and then treated with 6-carbomethoxymethylmercaptopurine hydrazide instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 117 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) =--OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are taken together as the following diradical: --CH₂ CH₂ SO₂ CH₂ CH₂ --

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 5 and then treated with thiomorpholine sulfone instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound. MS (FAB) m/z: M+K=1005.

EXAMPLE 118 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ ═CH₂ CH₂ -(4-F-phenyl)

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 5 and then treated with 4-fluorophenethylamine instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound. MS (FAB) m/z: M+K=1009.

EXAMPLE 119 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =4-Cl-phenyl

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 5 and then treated with 4-chloroaniline instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound. MS (FAB) m/z: M+K=997.

EXAMPLE 120 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =4-(OCH₃)-phenyl

The product of Example 3 was activated as in Example 5 and then treated with 4-methoxyaniline instead of N-methylbenzylamine to give the title compound. MS (FAB) m/z: M+K=993.

EXAMPLE 121 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =4-CH₃ -phenyl

A solution of p-toluidine (1.03 g, 9.6 mmol) in dry THF (1 mL) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of ethylmagnesium bromide (9.6 mmol) in dry THF (9.6 mL) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred for 15 minutes then cooled to -78° C. before the addition of a solution of the product of Example 114 (750 mg, 0.8 mmol) in dry THF (2 mL). The mixture was stirred for 1 hour then added dropwise to a stirring biphasic mixture of 1N HCl (75 mL) and EtOAc (75 mL). The mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel, the organic layer washed with 1N HCl (75 mL), saturated NaHCO₃ solution (2×75 mL) and brine (2×75 mL), dried (Na₂ SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to give 0.93 g yellow oil. The crude material was purified by chromatography to give 385 mg of the title compound as a white foam. MS (FAB) m/z: M+K=977.

EXAMPLE 122 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =3,4-Cl₂ -phenyl

The product of Example 114 was treated as in Example 121 using 3,4-dichloroaniline instead of p-toluidine to give the title compound. MS (FAB) m/z: M+K=1031.

EXAMPLE 123 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R₁₂ ═NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ ═H; R¹⁵ =3-I-phenyl

The product of Example 114 was treated as in Example 121 using 3-iodoaniline instead of p-toluidine to give the title compound. MS (FAB) m/z: M+K=1088.

EXAMPLE 124 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═O--CH₂ - (1R)-(+)-alpha-pinen-10-yl)!

(a) A three-neck 2 L roundbottom flask equipped with an overhead stirrer was charged with diethylether (800 mL), chloroacetyl chloride (40 mL, 0.5 tool) and (1R)-(-)-nopol (85.3 mL, 0.5 mol). At 0° C., triethylamine (69.5 mL, 0.5 mol) was added dropwise over 15 minutes. After stirring at 0° C. for 1 hour, the mixture was warmed to ambient temperature and stirred for 18 h. The mixture was vacuum filtered through a Buchner funnel and the white cake was extracted with ether (2×200 mL). The filtrates were then washed sequentially with 0.5N HCl (500 mL), water (500 mL) and brine (500 mL). After drying the organics (Na₂ SO₄), the mixture was filtered and concentrated to a light tan oil (104 g). The resultant nopol chloroacetate was sufficiently pure to process in the next step.

(b) Sodium Iodide (20.1 g, 134 mmol) was refluxed in acetone (55 mL) for 5 minutes and cooled to room temperature. Nopol chloroacetate from step (a) (5.85 g, 24.17 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred for 30 minutes. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the resulting slurry was partitioned between water (30 mL) and ethyl acetate (20 mL). The aqueous portion was extracted with additional ethyl acetate (20 mL) and the combined organics were washed sequentially with saturated sodium bicarbonate (30 mL) and 10% sodium bisulfite (30 mL); dried (sodium sulfate) and concentrated in vacuo to an amber oil (7 g). The resulting nopol iodoacetate was sufficiently pure to use in the next step.

(c) Ascomycin (2.5 g, 3.16 mmol) was foamed in a round bottom flask (See Example 114). To it was added the nopol iodoacetate from step (b) (5.70 g, 17.1 mmol, 5.4 eq) followed by acetonitrile (1.5 mL). After a homogeneous solution was obtained, it was cooled to 0° C. and silver(I) oxide (3.13 g, 13.4 mmol) was added portionwise (15 min). The solution was brought to room temperature by gradual melting of the ice and was stirred for 8 days. The reaction was diluted in diethyl ether and poured onto silica gel (70-230 mesh, 20 mL) and allowed to air dry. The adsorbed silica was layered on fresh silica (70-230 mesh, 100 mL) and eluted with methylene chloride (150 mL); methylene chloride:acetonitrile (9:1, 450 mL); (3:1, 300 mL); (1:1, 200 mL); acetone (200 mL). 50 mL fractions were collected. Fractions 11-17 contained desired crude product which was further purified by HPLC on silica eluting with 3:1 hexane:acetone (3:1). Isolated pure title compound (0.4 g). MS (FAB) m/z: M+K=1036.

EXAMPLE 125 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OSi(CH₃)₃ ; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═O--CH₂ -- (1R)-(+)-a-pinen-10-yl)!

The product of example 124 (0.200 g, 0.201 mmol) was dissolved in dry DMF (2 mL). Imidazole (0.054 g, 0.80 mmol) was added. TMS.Cl (0.051 mL, 0.401 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was partitioned between water (10 mL) and ethyl acetate (20 mL). The organics were washed with water (10 mL), brine (20 mL) dried (sodium sulfate) and concentrated to a hint yellow film (0.225 g). MS (FAB) m/z: M+K=1108.

EXAMPLE 126 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═H; R⁴ and R⁵ taken together form a bond; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² =4-(morpholinyl)

Morpholine (0.104 mL, 1 g/mL, 1.19 mmol) was dissolved in acetonitrile (1.5 mL, dried over sieves). Trimethyl aluminum (0.60 mL of a 6M solution in hexanes, 1.2 mmol) was added and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes, then cooled to 0° C. A solution of the product from Example 125 (0.225 g, 0.210 mmol) in acetonitrile (1 mL, dried over sieves) was added dropwise and the reaction was stirred for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted in ethyl acetate (15 mL) and HCl (0.25N, 15 mL). A thick white gel formed at the interface. The organics were washed with water (15 mL) and the aqueous portion was extracted with additional ethyl acetate (15 mL). The combined organics were washed with brine (15 mL), dried (Na₂ SO₄), and concentrated to a yellow oil which was purified by HPLC on silica gel and eluted with hexane:acetone (1.5:1). Yielded title compound: 34 mg, 17%; MS (FAB) m/z: M+K=939. Yield product of example 29:42 mg, 22%.

EXAMPLE 127 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R^(2a) ═R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═NH-(3-fluoro-phenyl)

The product of example 72 (1.0 g, 1.06 mmol) in THF (10 mL) and water (1 mL) was treated with selenium dioxide (0.18 g, 1.59 mmol) and t-butylhydroperoxide (1.4 mL of a 3M solution in 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, 4.24 mmol). The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 4 days, whereupon additional t-butylhydroperoxide solution (1.4 mL, 4.24 mmol) was added. After 2 days the reaction mixture was heated to 40° C. for 24h, then 70° C. for 48 h. The solution was concentrated in vacuo and purified by HPLC on silica gel eluting with hexane:acetone (2:1). Yielded title compound: 0.18 g, 18%. MS (ESI) m/z: M+Na=963.

EXAMPLE 128 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² ═O--CH₂ - 4-nitrophenyl!

(a) A three-neck 2 L roundbottom flask equipped with an overhead stirrer was charged with diethylether (800 mL), chloroacetyl chloride (40 mL, 0.5 mol) and 4-nitrobenzylalcohol (76.5 g, 0.5 mol). At 0° C., triethylamine (69.5 mL, 0.5 mol) was added dropwise over 15 minutes. After-stirring at 0° C. for 1 hour, the mixture was warmed to ambient temperature and stirred for 18 h. The mixture was vacuum filtered through a Buchner funnel and the white cake was extracted with ether (2×200 mL). The filtrates were then washed sequentially with 0.5N HCl (500 mL), water (500 mL) and brine (500 mL). After drying the organics (Na₂ SO₄), the mixture was filtered and concentrated to a light tan solid (74.8 g). The crude product was recrystallized from diethylether (71°-72° C.)

(b) Sodium Iodide (39.5 g, 260 mmol) was refluxed in acetone (104 mL) for 3 minutes and cooled to room temperature. 4-Nitrobenzyl chloroacetate from step (a) (10.7 g, 47 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred for 30 minutes. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the resulting slurry was partitioned between water (50 mL) and ethyl acetate (50 mL). The aqueous portion was extracted with additional ethyl acetate (50 mL) and the combined organics were washed sequentially with saturated sodium bisulfite (2×50 mL) and brine (50 mL). The organics were dried (sodium sulfate) and concentrated in vacuo to pure product (15.6 g).

(c) Ascomycin (5 g, 6.3 mmol) was foamed in a round bottom flask (See Example 114). To it was added the 4-nitrobenzyl iodoacetate from step (b) (15.6 g, 48.6 mmol, 7.7 eq) followed by acetonitrile (2.5 mL). After a homogeneous solution was obtained, it was cooled to 0° C. and silver(I) oxide (5.9 g, 25.6 mmol) was added portionwise (15 min). The solution was brought to room temperature by gradual melting of the ice and was stirred for 5 days. The reaction was diluted in diethyl ether (25 mL), poured onto silica gel (70-230 mesh, 40 mL) and allowed to air dry. The adsorbed silica was layered on fresh silica (70-230 mesh, 200 mL) and eluted with methylene chloride (500 mL); methylene chloride:acetonitrile (9:1, 400 mL); (6:1, 300 mL); (3:1, 1000 mL),; (1:1, 500 mL); (1:2, 300 mL). 100 mL fractions were collected. Fractions containing desired product (CH₂ Cl₂ :CH₃ CN 3:1) were pooled and concentrated in vacuo to provide the title compound (2.86 g, 2.9 mmol). Ascomycin was recovered in the later fractions (1.59 g, 2.0 mmol). MS (ESI) m/z: M+Na=1007.

EXAMPLE 129: Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) ═OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² =--NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ ; R¹⁴ =--(CH₂)₂ N(CH₂ CH₂)₂ O; R¹⁵ =--CH₂ CH₂ OH

The title compound was synthesized in the manner described for Example 5 substituting N,N- 2-hydroxyethyl! 2-(4-morpholino)-ethyl!amine for N-methylbenzylamine. MS (FAB) m/z: M+H=962.

EXAMPLE 130 Formula I: R=ethyl; n=1; R² ═R^(2a) ═R³ ═R⁵ ═H; R⁴ ═OH; R^(1a) --OCH₃ ; R¹ =--OCH₂ C(O)R¹² (R-Configuration); R¹² =--OCH₂ CCl₃

Example 128 was repeated substituting 2,2,2-trichloroethanol for p-nitrobenzylalcohol.

EXAMPLE 131 In Vivo Assay of Biological Activity

The immunosuppressant activity of the compounds of the present invention was determined using the human mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assay described by Kino, T. et al. in Transplantation Proceedings, XIX(5):36-39, Suppl. 6 (1987). The results of the assay, shown below in Table 1, demonstrate that the compounds tested are effective immunomodulators at sub-micromolar and, in some instances, sub-nanomolar concentrations.

                  TABLE 1                                                          ______________________________________                                                Ex. #        IC.sub.50 (M)                                              ______________________________________                                                1            0.9 × 10.sup.-9                                             2            7.6 × 10.sup.-9                                             3            140.0 × 10.sup.-9                                           4            0.5 × 10.sup.-9                                             6            0.1 × 10.sup.-9                                             29           0.7 × 10.sup.-9                                             31           1.1 × 10.sup.-9                                             39           172.6 × 10.sup.-9                                           51           0.3 × 10.sup.-9                                             53           0.2 × 10.sup.-9                                             54           0.02 × 10.sup.-9                                            56           0.01 × 10.sup.-9                                            57           0.10 × 10.sup.-9                                            58           0.15 × 10.sup.-9                                            59           0.05 × 10.sup.-9                                            71           0.1 × 10.sup.-9                                             72           0.08 × 10.sup.-9                                            73           0.04 × 10.sup.-9                                            74           0.06 × 10.sup.-9                                            82           0.3 × 10.sup.-9                                             83           0.4 × 10.sup.-9                                             85           0.5 × 10.sup.-9                                             87           1.1 × 10.sup.-9                                             88           0.1 × 10.sup.-9                                             89           0.5 × 10.sup.-9                                             99           0.9 × 10.sup.-9                                             111          1.8 × 10.sup.-9                                             112          0.1 × 10.sup.-9                                      ______________________________________                                    

It is understood that the foregoing detailed description and accompanying examples are merely illustrative and are not to be taken as limitations upon the scope of the invention, which is defined solely by the appended claims and equivalents thereof. Variations and modifications of the disclosed embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such variations and modifications, including without limitation those relating to the chemical structures, substituents, derivatives, intermediates, syntheses, formulations and/or methods of use of the invention, may be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of treating a patient in need of immunosuppresive, antiinflammatory, or antiproliferative therapy, comprising administering a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound having the formula: ##STR11## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or amide thereof, wherein the ester is selected from C₁ -to-C₆ -alkyl esters, C₅ -to-C₇ cycloalkyl esters, aryl --C, --C₆ -alkyl esters and esters resulting from reaction of an alcohol moiety in the compound of formula I with a C₁ -to-C₆ -alkyl carboxylic acid, a C₁ -to-C₆ -alkyl dicarboxylic acid or an arylcarboxylic acid and wherein the amide results from reaction of a carboxylic acid moiety in the compound of formula I with NH₃, NH₂ (C₁ -to-C₃ -alkyl), NH(C₁ -to-C₂ alkyl)₂ or a 5- or 6-membered ring heterocycle containing one nitrogen atom, whereinn is zero or one; R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, allyl, propyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, cyclopropylmethyl, 2-oxopropyl and 2-ethanal; R¹ and R^(1a) are selected such that one of R¹ and R^(1a) is hydrogen, --(C₁ -C₆ - alkyl)oxy or hydroxy, and the other is chosen from the group consisting of:(I) --O(CH₂)_(j) C(O)R¹², where j is one-to-five, and R¹² is selected from the group consisting of:(A) hydroxy; (B) --OR¹³, wherein R¹³ is:(i) --(C₁ -C₁₀ -alkyl); (ii) -(cyclo-C₃ -C₈ -alkyl); (iii) -(cyclo-C₃ -C₈ -alkyl-C₁ -C₃ -alkyl); (iv) aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)-, where the zero, one, two or three substituents on the aryl group, each designated R³⁰¹, are independently selected from the group consisting of:(a) --(C₁ -to-C₇ -alkyl); (b) --(C₂ -to-C₆ -alkenyl); (c) halogen; (d) --(CH₂)_(m) NR⁸ R⁹, where m is zero-to-six, and NR⁸ R⁹ is either a nitrogen atom attached to R⁸ and R⁹, wherein R⁸ and R⁹ are independently selected from the group consisting of: (1) hydrogen; (2) --R⁴⁰⁰, wherein R⁴⁰⁰ is selected from the group consisting of: a. mod-aryl, wherein the one, two, or three substituents of mod-aryl, each designated R³⁰², are independently selected from the group consisting of:
 1. --(C₁ -to-C₇ -alkyl);2. --(C₂ -to-C₆ -alkenyl);
 3. halogen;
 4. --(CH₂)_(m) NR¹⁸ R¹⁹, where m is as defined above and NR¹⁸ R¹⁹ is either a nitrogen atom attached to R¹⁸ and R¹⁹, wherein R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, --(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl), unsubstituted aryl-, and unsubstituted aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl); or NR¹⁸ R¹⁹ may be a 3-to-7-membered heterocyclic ring where the ring consists of carbon atoms, the nitrogen atom shown, and zero, one or two additional heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of --O--, --NH--, --N(C₁ -to-C₆ -alkyl) and --S(O)_(s) --, wherein s is zero, one or two;
 5. --CN;
 6. --CHO;
 7. mono-, di-, tri-, or perhalogenated --C₁ -C₆ -alkyl;
 8. --S(O)_(s) R¹⁸, where s and R¹⁸ are as defined above;9. --C(O)NR¹⁸ R¹⁹, where NR¹⁸ R¹⁹ is as defined above;
 10. --(CH₂)_(m) OR¹⁸, where m and R¹⁸ are as defined above;
 11. --CH(OR¹⁶)(OR¹⁷), where R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently chosen from --(C₁ -to-C₃ alkyl) groups or, taken together, R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ form an ethylene or propylene bridge;
 12. --(CH₂)_(m) OC(O)R¹⁸, where m and R¹⁸ are as defined above;
 13. --(CH₂)_(m) C(O)OR¹⁸, where m and R¹⁸ are as defined above;
 14. --OR¹⁰, where R¹⁰ is: (i) --PO(OH)OH, (ii) --SO₃ H, (iii) --C(O)(CH₂)_(m) C(O)OH, wherein m is as defined above;
 15. --NO₂ ;
 16. --N₃ ;
 17. --(C₂ -to-C₆ -alkynyl);
 18. --C.tbd.C--Si(CH₃)₃ ; and
 19. guanidino substituted by: a) hydrogen; b) --(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl); c) unsubstituted aryl; d) (C₁ -C₈ -alkyl)-C(O)--; e) unsubstituted aryl-S(O)₂ ; f) (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)-OC(O)--; g) unsubstituted aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)-OC(O); h) unsubstituted aryl-OC(O); or i) (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)SO₂ --; or taken together, any two adjacent R³⁰² substituents in a di- or trisubstituted mod-aryl group form a 5-, 6- or 7-membered carbocyclic ring, or a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocyclic ring, wherein the ring atoms consist of carbon atoms and one or two heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of --O--, --S(O)_(s) --, where s is as defined above, and --NR¹⁸ --, where R¹⁸ is as defined above; b. --Q-mod-aryl, where the divalent radical --Q-- is selected from the group consisting of:
 1. --(C₁ -to-C₆ -alkyl)-;
 2. --(C₂ -to-C₆ -alkenyl)-;
 3. --(C₂ -to-C₆ -alkynyl)-;
 4. --(CH₂)_(m) O--, wherein m is as defined above;
 5. --O(CH₂)_(m) --, wherein m is as defined above;
 6. --N(R¹⁸)C(O)--, wherein R¹⁸ is as defined above;
 7. --C(O)N(R¹⁸), wherein R¹⁸ is as defined above;
 8. --S(O)_(s) --, wherein s is as defined above;
 9. --N(R¹⁸), wherein R¹⁸ is as defined above;
 10. --N(R¹⁸)S(O)_(t) --, wherein t is one or two, and R¹⁸ is as defined above;
 11. --S(O)_(t) N(R¹⁸)--, wherein t and R¹⁸ are as defined above;
 12. --C(O)--;
 13. --NN--;
 14. --CHN--;
 15. --NCH--;
 16. --ONCH--; and
 17. --CHNO--; c. -mod-Het, where the one, two, or three substituents of mod-Het, each designated R³⁰², are independently selected, and are as defined above; d. --Q-mod-Het, where Q is as defined above; e. -biaryl; f. --Q-biaryl, where Q is as defined above; g. -mod-aryl-Q-mod-aryl, where Q is as defined above; h. -mod-aryl-Q-mod-Het, where Q is as defined above; i. -mod-Het--Q-mod-aryl, where Q is as defined above; j. -mod-Het--Q-mod-Het, where Q is as defined above; k. -mod-Het-mod-aryl; l. -mod-aryl-mod-Het; and m. -mod-Het-mod-Het; (3) --(C₁ -to-C₆ -alkyl); (4) substituted-C₁ -to-C₆ -alkyl; (5) --(C₃ -to-C₆ -alkenyl); (6) substituted-C₃ -to-C₆ -alkenyl; (7) --(C₃ -to-C₆ -alkynyl); (8) substituted-C₃ -to-C₆ -alkynyl; (9) -(cyclo-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl); (10) substituted-cyclo-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl; (11) -(cyclo-C₄ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl); (12) substituted-cyclo-C₄ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl; (13) -(bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl); (14) substituted-bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl; (15) -(bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl); (16) substituted-bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl; (17) -(bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl)-C₁ -to-C₆ -alkyl; and (18) substituted-bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl-C₁ -to-C₆ -alkyl; or --NR⁸ R⁹ may be a 3- to 7-membered heterocyclic ring, where the ring consists of carbon atoms, the nitrogen atom shown, and zero, one or two additional heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of --O--, --S(O)_(s) --, wherein s is as defined above, and --NR⁸ --, wherein R⁸ is as defined above; (e) --CN; (f) --CHO; (g) mono-, di-, tri-, or perhalogenated --C₁ -C₆ -alkyl; (h) --S(O)_(s) R⁸, where s and R⁸ are as defined above; (i) --C(O)NR⁸ R⁹, where NR⁸ R⁹ is as defined above; (j) --(CH₂)_(m) OR⁸, where m and R⁸ are as defined above; (k) --CH(OR¹⁶)(OR¹⁷), where R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are as defined above; (l) --(CH₂)_(m) OC(O)R⁸, where m and R⁸ are as defined above; (m) --(CH₂)_(m) C(O)OR⁸, where m and R⁸ are as defined above; (n) --OR¹⁰, where R¹⁰ is as defined above; (o) --NO₂ ; (p) --N₃ ; (q) --R⁴⁰⁰, as defined above; (r) --S(O)_(t) NR⁸ R⁹, where t and NR⁸ R⁹ are as defined above; (s) --NR⁸ S(O)_(t) R⁹, where t, R⁸ and R⁹ are as defined above; (t) --(C₂ -to-C₆ -alkynyl); (u) --C.tbd.C--Si(CH₃)₃ ; and (v) guanidino substituted by: (1) hydrogen; (2) --(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl); (3) -mod-aryl; (4) (C₁ -C₈ -alkyl)-C(O)--; (5) mod-aryl-S(O)₂ --; (6) (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)-OC(O)--; (7) mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)-OC(O); (8) mod-aryl-OC(O)--; or (9) (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)SO₂ --; or taken together, any two adjacent R³⁰¹ substituents in a di- or trisubstituted aryl group form a 5-, 6- or 7-membered carbocyclic ring, or a 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring wherein the ring atoms consist of carbon atoms and zero, one or two heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of --O--, --S(O)_(s) --, where s is as defined above, and --NR⁸ --, where R⁸ is as defined above; with the proviso that each R³⁰¹ substituent or each ring formed by two adjacent R³⁰¹ groups may comprise no more than twenty non-hydrogen atoms;(v) aryl-; (vi) Het--; (vii) heterocyclic-; (viii) mono-, di-, tri-, or per-halogenated-C₁ -C₆ -alkyl-; (ix) -(cyclo-C₅ -C₁₀ -alkenyl); (x) -(cyclo-C₅ -C₁₀ -alkenyl-C₁ -C₃ -alkyl); (xi) -(bicyclo-C₆ -C₁₂ -alkenyl); or (xii) -(bicyclo-C₆ -C₁₂ -alkenyl-C₁ -C₃ -alkyl); (C) --NR¹⁴ R¹⁵, wherein NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ is either a nitrogen atom attached to R¹⁴ and R¹⁵, wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are independently selected from the group consisting of:(i) hydrogen; (ii) --R⁴⁰⁰, as defined above; (iii) --(C₁ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl); (iv) sub-C₁ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl; (v) -(cyclo-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl); (vi) sub-cyclo-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl; (vii) -(cyclo-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl-C₁ -to-C₃ -alkyl); (viii) sub-cyclo-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl-C₁ -to-C₃ -alkyl; (ix) --(C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl); (x) sub-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl; (xi) -(cyclo-C₄ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl); (xii) sub-cyclo-C₄ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl; (xiii) -(cyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl-C₃ -C₅ -alkenyl); (xiv) sub-cyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl-C₃ -C₅ -alkenyl; (xv) --(C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkynyl); (xvi) sub-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkynyl; (xvii) -(cyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl-C₃ -C₅ -alkynyl); (xviii) sub-cyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl-C₃ -C₅ -alkynyl; (xix) -(bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl); (xx) sub-bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl; (xxi) -(bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl); (xxii) sub-bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl; (xxiii) -aryl; (xxiv) --Het; and (xxv) R⁶, where R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of:(a) hydrogen; (b) --(C₁ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl); (c) mod-C₁ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl; (d) --(C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl); (e) mod-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl; (f) --(C₃ -to-C₁₀ alkynyl); (g) mod-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkynyl; (h) -(cyclo-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl); (i) mod-cyclo-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl; (j) -(cyclo-C₄ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl); (k) mod-cyclo-C₄ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl; (l) -(bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl); (m) mod-bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl; (n) -(bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl); (o) mod-bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl; (p) --R⁸, as defined above; (q) -aryl; and (r) --Het; or --NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ may be a 3- to 7-membered heterocyclic ring, where the ring consists of carbon atoms, the nitrogen atom shown, and zero, one or two additional heteroatoms independently selected from --O--, --S(O)_(s) --, wherein s is as defined above, and --NR⁸ --, wherein R⁸ is as defined above, which ring is unsubstituted or substituted with from one-to-five compatible radicals independently selected from the group consisting of:(i) R⁶, as defined above; (ii) --(CH₂)_(m) OR⁶, where m and R⁶ are as defined above; (iii) --(CH₂)_(m) NR⁶ R⁷, where m is as defined above and NR⁶ R⁷ is either a nitrogen atom attached to R⁶ and R⁷, wherein R⁶ is as defined above and R⁷ is independently selected from the group defining R⁶, or --NR⁶ R⁷ may be a 3- to 7-membered heterocyclic ring, where the ring consists of carbon atoms, the nitrogen atom shown, and zero, one, or two additional heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of --O--, --S(O)_(s) --, wherein s is as defined above, and --NR⁸ --, wherein R⁸ is as defined above, which ring is unsubstituted or substituted with from one-to-six compatible radicals independently selected from the group consisting of:(a) --R⁸, as defined above; (b) --(CH₂)_(m) OR⁸, wherein m and R⁸ are as defined above; (c) --S(O)_(s) R⁸, wherein s and R⁸ are as defined above; (d) --S(O)_(t) NR⁸ R⁹, wherein t and NR⁸ R⁹ are as defined above; (e) --(CH₂)_(m) NR⁸ R⁹, wherein m and NR⁸ R⁹ are as defined above; (f) --SO₃ H; (g) ═NOR⁸, wherein R⁸ is as defined above; (h) --R⁴⁰⁰, as defined above; (i) -aryl; (j) --Het; and (k) --R³⁹⁹, wherein R³⁹⁹ is selected from the group consisting of: (1) hydroxyl; (2) --C(O)OH; (3) --C(O)OR⁸, where R⁸ is as defined above; (4) -(cyclo-C₃ -to-C₇ -alkyl); (5) oxo; (6) thiooxo; (7) epoxy; (8) halogen; (9) --CN; (10) --N₃ ; (11) --NO₂ ; (12) --OR¹⁰, where R¹⁰ is as defined above; (13) --S(O)_(t) NR⁸ R⁹, wherein t and NR⁸ R⁹ are as defined above; (14) --NR⁸ S(O)_(t) R⁹, where t, R⁸ and R⁹ are as defined above; (15) --CH(OR¹⁶)(OR¹⁷), where R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are as defined above; and (16) guanidino substituted by hydrogen; --(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl); aryl; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)CO--; aryl-SO₂ --; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)--; aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)--; aryl-OC(O)--; or (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)-SO₂ --; (iv) --C(O)OR⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above; (v) --SO₃ H; (vi) --S(O)_(s) R⁶, where s and R⁶ are as defined above; (vii) --S(O)_(t) NR⁶ R⁷, where t and NR⁶ R⁷ are as defined above; (viii) ═NOR⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above; (ix) -aryl; (x) --Het; (xi) --R³⁹⁹, as defined above; and (xii) --R⁴⁰⁰, as defined above; (D) -aryl; (E) Het--; (F) mono-, di-, tri-, or per-halogenated-C₁ -C₆ alkyl; (G) --N(R⁸)NR¹⁴ R¹⁵, where R⁸ and NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ are as defined above; (H) --Si(R¹¹)₃, where each R¹¹ is independently --(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl), aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)-, or aryl; (I) --OSi(R¹¹)₃, where each R¹¹ is independently as defined above; (J) --Sn(R¹¹)₃, where each R¹¹ is independently as defined above; (K) --P(R¹¹)₂, where each R¹¹ is independently as defined above; (L) --R¹⁴, as defined above; and (M) halogen; (II) --O(CH₂)_(m) S(O)_(s) R¹², where m, s and R¹² are as defined above; (III) --O(CH₂)_(j) CN, where j is as defined above; (IV) --O(CH₂)_(j) C(═NOR¹⁴)R₁₂, where j, R¹² and R¹⁴ are as defined above; (V) --O(CH₂)_(j) C(═N⁺ (O⁻)R¹⁴)R¹², where j, R¹² and R¹⁴ are as defined above, with the proviso that R¹⁴ may not be hydrogen; (VI) --O(CH₂)_(j) C(═NOR¹⁴)R¹⁵, where j, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are as defined above; (VII) --O(CH₂)_(j) C(═N⁺ (O⁻)R¹⁴)R¹⁵, where j, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are as defined above, with the proviso that R¹⁴ may not be hydrogen; (VIII) --OC(O)O(CH₂)_(j) C(O)NR¹⁴ R¹⁵, where j and NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ are as defined above; (IX) --O(CH₂)_(j) NR⁶ C(O)OR¹⁴, where j, R⁶ and R¹⁴ are as defined above; (X) --O(CH₂)_(j) NR⁶ C(O)NR¹⁴ R¹⁵, where j, R⁶ and NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ are as defined above; (XI) --O(CH₂)_(j) NR⁶ C(O)NR⁷ NR¹⁴ R¹⁵, where j, R⁶, R⁷ and NR¹⁴ R¹⁵ are as defined above; (XII) --O(CH₂)_(j) NR⁶ C(O)R¹⁴, where j, R⁶ and R¹⁴ are as defined above; and (XIII) --O(CH₂)_(j) NR⁶ C(O)OC(O)R¹⁴, where j, R⁶ and R¹⁴ are as defined above; R² and R^(2a) are independently hydrogen, halogen, or --OR¹⁴, wherein R¹⁴ is as defined above, or one of R² and R^(2a) may be hydroxy, when the other of R² or R^(2a) is hydrogen, or R² and R^(2a) taken together is oxo or thiooxo; R³ and R⁴ are chosen, when R⁵ is hydrogen, such that one of R³ and R⁴ is hydrogen and the other is selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, --OCOR⁸, where R⁸ is as defined above, or --OSi(R¹¹)₃, where each R¹¹ is independently as defined above, or one of R³ and R⁴ is joined with non-hydrogen R⁵ to form a C-23/C-24 bond, with the other of R³ and R⁴ being hydrogen, hydroxy, --OCOR⁸, where R⁸ is as defined above, or --OSi(R¹¹)₃, where each R¹¹ is independently as defined above; and R⁵ is hydrogen, or taken together with either R³ or R⁴, forms a C-23/C-24 bond;with the proviso that when R^(1a) is methoxy, R² is hydrogen and R^(2a) is hydroxy or fluoro or R^(2a) is hydrogen and R² is hydroxy or fluoro, R³ is hydroxy, R⁴ is hydrogen, R⁵ is hydrogen and n is 2, then R¹ is other than --OCH₂ C(O)OCH₂ CH₃ and wherein at each occurrence the aryl group is independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, azulenyl, fluorenyl, (1,2)-dihydronaphthyl, (1,2,3,4)-tetrahydronaphthyl, indenyl and indanyl and wherein each aryl group is unsubstituted or substituted with from one, two or three independently selected substituents, R³⁰¹, as defined above; and wherein at each occurrence the term bicyclo refers to a two ring system; and, wherein at each occurrence the term cycloalkenyl refers to cyclic groups of 5 to 10 carbons possessing one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in which the point of attachment can occur at any available valency on the carbocylic ring; and, wherein at each occurrences the term cycloalkyl refers to a cyclic groups of 3 to 8 carbons; and, wherein at each occurrence the term cycloalkylalkenyl refers to cycloalkyl, as defined above, appended to an alkenyl group, as defined above; and, wherein at each occurrence the term cycloalkylalkyl refers to a cycloalkyl group appended to a lower alkyl group; and, wherein at each occurrence the term cycloalkylalkynyl refers to cycloalkyl, as defined above, appended to an alkynyl group, as defined above; and, wherein at each occurrence the term mod-aryl refers to an aryl group as defined above, with the exception that the aryl group is unsubstituted or substituted with from one to three independently selected substituents, R³⁰², rather than R³⁰¹, where R³⁰² is as defined above; and wherein at each occurrence, the heterocyclic group is independently selected from the group consisting of aziridinyl, thiomorpholine, thiomorpholine-oxide, thiomorpholine dioxide, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, and isothiazolidinyl wherein any carbon or heteroatom with suitable valence may bear a substituent, R³⁰¹, as defined above; and wherein at each occurrence, the term mod-heterocyclic refers to a heterocyclic group as defined above, with the exception that any carbon or heteroatom with suitable valence may bear a substituent, R³⁰², rather than R³⁰¹, where R³⁰² is as defined above; and wherein at each occurrence, the het group is independently selected from pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, cytosinyl, thiocytosinyl, imidazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, xanthenyl, xanthonyl, xanthopterinyl, oxazolyl, thiouracilyl, isoxazolyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, uracilyl, urazolyl, uricyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, isoquinolinyl, thyminyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, furyl, thienyl, and benzothienyl wherein any carbon or heteroatom with suitable valence may bear a substituent, R³⁰¹, as defined above; and wherein at each occurrence, the term mod-het refers to a het group as defined above, with the exception that any carbon or heteroatom with suitable valence may bear a substituent, R³⁰², rather than R³⁰¹, where R³⁰² is as defined above; and wherein at each occurrence, the term rood when used as a prefix for the group selected from --C₁ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl, --C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl, --C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkynyl, -cyclo-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl, -cyclo-C₄ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl, -bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl, and -bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl refers to from one to six radicals substituted on said group, wherein said radicals are independently selected from the group consisting of --R⁸, --(CH₂)_(m) OR⁸, --S(O)_(t) NR⁸ R⁹, --S(CH₂)_(m) NR⁸ R⁹, --S(O)₃ H, ═NOR⁸, --R³⁹⁹, --R⁴⁰⁰, and --Het where R⁸, R⁹, m, s, t, --R³⁹⁹, --R⁴⁰⁰, -aryl and --Het are as defined above; and wherein at each occurrence, the term sub when used as a prefix for the group selected from --C₁ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl, -cyclo-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl, -cyclo-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl-C₁ -to-C₃ -alkyl, --C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl, -cyclo-C4-to-C₁₀ -alkenyl, -cyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl-C₃ -to-C₅ -alkenyl, --C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkynyl, -cyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl-C₃ -to-C₅ -alkynyl, -bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl, and -bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl refers to from one to six radicals substituted on said group, wherein said radicals are independently selected from the group consisting of --R⁶, --(CH₂)_(m) OR⁶, --NR⁶ R⁷, --C(O)OR⁶, --S(O)₃ H, --S(O)_(s) R⁶, --S(O)_(t) NR⁶ R⁷, ═NOR⁶, --R³⁹⁹, --R⁴⁰⁰, -aryl and --Het where R⁶, R⁷, m, s, t, --R³⁹⁹, --R⁴⁰⁰, -aryl and --Het are as defined above; and wherein at each occurrence, the term substituted when used as a prefix for the group selected from -bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl, -bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl, --C₃ -to-C₆ -alkenyl, -C₁ -to-C₆ -alkyl, --C₃ -to-C₆ -alkynyl, -cyclo-C₄ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl, -cyclo-C₃ -to-C₁₀ -alkyl, and -bicyclo-C₆ -to-C₁₀ -alkenyl-C₁ -to-C₆ -alkyl, refers to from one to three radicals substituted on said group wherein said radicals are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen; --OH; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)NH--; di(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)N--; --CO₂ H; --CONH₂ ; --SH; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)S--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)O--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)--; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)NH--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)C(O)NH--; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)NH--; mod-aryl-OC(O)NH--; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)CO-guanidino; mod-aryl-(SO₂)-guanidino; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)-guanidino; H₂ N--; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)OC(O)-guanidino; mod-aryl-OC(O)-guanidino; (C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)NHC(O)--; di(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)NC(O)--; mod-aryl-NHCO--; di(mod-aryl)NCO--; --OSO₂ R¹¹ ; oxo; epoxy; mod-aryl-O--; mod-aryl-S--; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)O--; mod-aryl-(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)-S--; mod-Het--O--; mod-Het--S--; mod-Het--(C₁ --C₆ -alkyl)O--; mod-Het--(C₁ -C₆ -alkyl)S--; mod-aryl-; mod-Het--; --SO₃ H; --S(O)_(t) NH₂ ; --S(O)_(t) NHR¹¹ ; --S(O)_(t) NR¹¹ R¹¹, where both R¹¹ 's are independently selected; and --S(O)_(s) R¹¹ ; wherein guanidino, mod-aryl, oxo, epoxy, mod-Het--, s, t and R¹¹ are as defined above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 2. A method of treating a patient for the reversal or prevention of immune-mediated heart allograft rejection, kidney allograft rejection, liver allograft rejection, lung allograft rejection, or small-bowel allograft rejection, comprising administering to such a patient a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound of claim 1 in combination with a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.
 3. A method of treating a patient for rheumatoid arthritis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, type I diabetes, uveitis, allergic encephalomyelitis, or glomerulonephritis, comprising administering a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound of claim 1 in combination with a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.
 4. A method of treating a patient for psoriasis, atopical dermatitis, and Epidermolysis bullosa, comprising administering to such a patient a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound of claim 1 in combination with a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.
 5. A method of treating a patient for ocular pemphigus, Scleritis and Graves' opthalmopathy comprising administering to such a patient a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound of claim 1 in combination with a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.
 6. A method of treating a patient for Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis comprising administering to such a patient a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound of claim 1 in combination with a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier. 